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CONSE JO IN T ERN ACION A L DE NUMISM ÁTIC A I N T E R N AT I O N A L N U M I S M AT I C C O U N C I L CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE IN T ER N AT I O N A L ER N UMISM AT IS C H ER R AT CONSIGLIO INTERNAZIONALE DI NUMISMATICA

Compte Rendu 60 / 2013 Publié par le Secrétariat du Conseil

INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC COUNCIL CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE

TABLE OF CONTENTS / SOMMAIRE COMPOSITION DU BUREAU . . ....................................................... 5 STATUTS..................................................................................... 7 CONSTITUTION........................................................................... 9 THE LAW AND PRACTICE REGARDING COIN FINDS PECUNIA…OLET! Romanian legislation on ancient coin finds (Cristian Găzdac).......................................................................... 11 Les trouvailles monétaires et la loi en Suisse (Rahel C. Ackermann – Anne-Francine Auberson).. ......................... 19 LES GRANDS NUMISMATES Barclay Vincent Head (1844–1914) (N. Keith Rutter) . . .................... 25 Hermann Dannenberg (1824–1905) (Bernd Kluge)......................... 38 COLLECTIONNEURS CÉLÈBRES. . ............................................... 43 Rafael Cervera y Royo (1828–1903) (Gloria Mora) HISTOIRE DES COLLECTIONS NUMISMATIQUES ET DES INSTITUTIONS VOUÉES À LA NUMISMATIQUE Das Münzkabinett des Historischen Museums Basel (Michael Matzke).......................................................................... 50 Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank in Frankfurt am Main (Reinhold Walburg)...................................... 65 NÉCROLOGIES Brita Malmer (1925–2013) (Kenneth Jonsson)................................ 78 MEETING OF THE COMMITTEE (MESSINA/TAORMINA, MAY 22 TO MAY 24, 2013). . ................... 83 COMPTES DU CONSEIL.............................................................. 84 MEMBRES DU CONSEIL Institutions.. ................................................................................ 105 Membres honoraires................................................................... 122

5 CO N S E J O IN T ER N AC I O N A L D E N U MISM ÁT IC A I N T E R N AT I O N A L N U M I S M AT I C C O U N C I L CONSEIL IN T ERN ATION A L DE NUMISM ATIQUE I N T E R N AT I O N A L E R N U M I S M AT I S C H E R R AT CONSIGLIO INTERNA ZIONALE DI NUMISMATIC A Committee / Bureau President / Président: Carmen Arnold-Biucchi Harvard Art Museums, Division of Asian and Mediterranean Art, 32 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA) Tel. +1 617 496 9274, fax +1 617 495 5211 e-mail: [emailprotected] Vice-Presidents / Vice-présidents: J. Donal Bateson Coin Cabinet, The Hunterian, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ (United Kingdom) Tel. +44 141 330 4289, fax +44 141 330 3617 e-mail: [emailprotected] Benedikt Zäch Münzkabinett und Antikensammlung der Stadt Winterthur, Villa Bühler, Lindstrasse 8, Postfach, CH-8402 Winterthur (Schweiz / Suisse / Svizzera) Tel. +41 52 2675146, fax +41 52 2676681 e-mail: [emailprotected] Secretary / Secrétaire: Michael Alram Münzkabinett, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Burgring 5, A-1010 Wien (Österreich / Austria) Tel. +43 1 52524 4201, fax +43 1 52524 4299 e-mail: [emailprotected] Treasurer / Trésorier: Tuukka Talvio Coin Cabinet, National Museum of Finland, P.O. Box 913, FL–00101 Helsinki (Finland) Tel. +358 40 1286 389 e-mail: [emailprotected]

MEMBERS

Officers / Membres du bureau: Maria Caccamo Caltabiano Cattedra di numismatica greca e romana, Dipartimento di Scienze della Antichità, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo dell’ Annunziata, I-98168 Messina (Italia / Italy) Tel. +39 090 3503397, fax +39 090 3503889 e-mail: [emailprotected] Sylviane Estiot HISOMA, UMR 5189 CNRS – Histoire et Sources des Mondes antiques Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, 7, rue Raulin, F-69365 Lyon cédex 07 (France) Tel. +33 9 63 27 41 19, +33 4 72 71 58 00 e-mail: [emailprotected] Pere Pau Ripollès Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibáñez 28, E-46010 València (España / Spain) Tel. +34 96386 42 42, fax +34 96386 42 42 e-mail: [emailprotected] Bernward Ziegaus Archäologische Staatssammlung, Lerchenfeldstrasse 2, D-80538 München (Deutschland / Germany) Tel. +49 89 21124 449, fax +49 89 21124 401 e-mail: [emailprotected]

http://www.inc-cin.org

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STATUTS du Conseil international de numismatique (CIN) adoptés le 30 août 2009 à Glasgow Art. 1.

Objet. Le Conseil international de numismatique (CIN) a pour mission de promouvoir la numismatique et les sciences qui s’y rapportent en facilitant la coopération entre individus et institutions dans le domaine de la numismatique et des sciences qui s’y rapportent. Art. 2.

Membres. Les organismes suivants peuvent devenir membres du CIN: a. les collections numismatiques publiques, b. les universités, les organisations, institutions et sociétés numismatiques sans caractère commercial (locales, nationales et internationales), c. les Hôtels des monnaies. Les membres sont admis par le Bureau et doivent payer la cotisation annuelle fixée par le Bureau. Tout manquement au paiement entraîne l’annulation d’adhésion. L’adhésion prend effet à partir du paiement de la première cotisation. Art. 3.

Membres honoraires. Lors de ses réunions et sur proposition du Bureau, le CIN peut élire des personnalités comme membres honoraires. Les membres honoraires ne paient pas de cotisation annuelle mais ont les mêmes droits que les membres ordinaires. Art. 4.

Assemblées. Le CIN doit tenir une assemblée générale lors des congrès internationaux de numismatique qui, en principe, ont lieu tous les six ans. Si aucun congrès international de numismatique n’a lieu dans un délai de sept ans après le dernier congrès, une assemblée sera obligatoirement convoquée sur décision du Bureau. Tout membre ordinaire peut désigner un délégué à l’assemblée générale. Un délégué ne peut représenter plus de trois membres ordinaires. Les membres qui ne sont pas à jour de cotisation ne peuvent voter. Les membres honoraires ne votent qu’en personne. Art. 5.

Bureau. Le Bureau du CIN est composé de neuf membres représentant dans la mesure du possible chacune des catégories citées à l’article 2. Les membres du Bureau sont élus lors de l’assemblée générale. Leur fonction prend fin à l’assemblée générale suivante: ils ne peuvent être réélus qu’une fois. Le Bureau se réunit au moins une fois par an; il s’organise lui-même, c’est-à-dire qu’il élit son président et répartit les autres charges. En cas de mort ou de démission d’un membre, le Bureau a le droit de coopter un remplaçant jusqu’à l’assemblée générale.

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Art. 6.

Charges. Les charges du Bureau sont la présidence, les deux vice-présidences, le secrétariat, la trésorerie. Les titulaires de ces charges sont élus immédiatement après l’élection du Bureau et exercent leur charge selon les vœux du Bureau. Lors du changement de Bureau, le trésorier reste en charge jusqu’à la fin de l’année civile. Art. 7.

Fonctions du Bureau. Les fonctions du Bureau comprennent l’admission de nouveaux membres, la préparation et la publication du budget et des comptes, la fixation du montant de la cotisation, la diffusion de l’information aux membres (notamment par le Compte rendu annuel et les Newsletters), le patronage de travaux individuels, de publications et de conférences de numismatique, l’organisation du Congrès international et toute autre activité relative, selon lui, aux objectifs du CIN. Art. 8.

Finances. Les dépenses d’administration et de publication sont couvertes par les cotisations annuelles, les dons, les legs, et d’éventuelles subventions. Art. 9.

Siège. Le siège du CIN se trouve au bureau du président. Art. 10.

Modifications des statuts. Toute modification des statuts doit être approuvée à la majorité des deux tiers des votes exprimés à l’assemblée générale. Toute proposition de modification doit être signifiée aux membres, par écrit, au moins trois mois avant l’assemblée. Art. 11.

Dissolution. Le CIN peut être dissout par la majorité des votes exprimés à l’assemblée générale.

Translation

CONSTITUTION of the International Numismatic Council (INC) adopted on August 30, 2009 in Glasgow Art. 1.

Mission. The mission of the INC is to promote numismatics and related disciplines by facilitating cooperation among individuals and institutions in the field of numismatics and related disciplines. Art. 2.

Membership. The following organisations may become members of the INC: a. Public numismatic collections, b. Universities, non-commercial numismatic organisations, institutions and societies (local, national and international), c. Mints. Members shall be admitted by the Committee and shall pay an annual subscription determined by the Committee. Failure to pay the subscription shall terminate membership. Membership will commence from the date of payment of the first annual subscription. Art. 3.

Honorary members. The INC can elect individuals as honorary members at its Meetings on proposal of the Committee. Honorary members do not pay the annual subscription but have the same rights as ordinary members. Art. 4.

Meetings. The INC must hold a General Meeting at each International Numismatic Congress, which in principle takes place every six years. If there is no International Numismatic Congress within seven years after the last congress, a Meeting must be organised on a different occasion to be fixed by the Committee. Each ordinary member may designate one voting delegate to the General Meeting. A delegate may not represent more than three ordinary members. Members who have not paid their subscription may not vote. Honorary members may vote only in person. Art. 5.

Committee. The Committee of the INC consists of nine members if possible including representatives of each of the categories in article 2. The Committee members shall be elected at the General Meeting. Their term ends at the next General Meeting; they can be re-elected only once. The Committee shall meet at least annually. The Committee constitutes itself, i.e. it elects the

Constitution

President and distributes other offices. In the event of death or resignation of a member, the Committee shall have the right to co-opt a replacement until the General Meeting. Art. 6.

Officers. The officers of the INC shall be the President, two Vice-Presidents, the Secretary, the Treasurer. These officers shall be elected immediately after the election of the Committee and shall serve at the pleasure of the Committee. When the Committee changes, the Treasurer will remain in office until the end of the calendar year. Art. 7.

Duties of the Committee. The duties of the Committee shall include admitting new members; preparing and publishing a budget and fixing the subscription; disseminating information among the membership (particularly through the annual report, in the Compte rendu, and Newsletters); extending patronage to particular projects, publications and conferences, organising the International Numismatic Congress and all other activities consistent, in the opinion of the Committee, with the mission of the INC. Art. 8.

Finance. The expenses of administration and publications are covered, by the annual subscriptions, by gifts, by legacies and grants. Art. 9.

Seat. The seat of the INC is the office of the President. Art. 10.

Changes to the Constitution. The constitution may be changed by a two thirds majority of the votes cast at the General Meeting. Notice of proposed changes must be given to the members in writing at least three months prior to the Meeting. Art. 11.

Dissolution. The INC may be dissolved by a majority of two thirds of the votes cast at the General Meeting.

11 THE LAW AND PRACTICE REGARDING COIN FINDS Cristian Ga˘ zdac PECUNIA…OLET! Romanian legislation on ancient coin finds1

“Form and function are a unity, two sides of one coin. In order to enhance function, appropriate form must exist or be created.” Ida Pauline Rolf

What ancient coinage in Romania represents for world heritage is best described by E. Oberländer-Târnoveanu, “On an imaginary numismatic map of the world, Romania, certainly, represents what could be defined at least as a true Eldorado, if not a real Paradise. As it lies at the great European crossroads and at the confluence of some crucial ancient, mediaeval and modern political, economic and monetary structures, the country has yielded a wide range of coin finds rarely encountered on our continent. The coin finds from Romania illustrate true pages and chapters of a virtual numismatic encyclopaedia”. 2 For more than 2,000 years the area between the Carpathian Mountains, the Lower Danube and the Black Sea witnessed the use of ancient coins. One may think that the Romanian state is the fortunate owner of a rich national heritage. This is only partially true. The last 20 years witnessed major events that have had a strong impact on the legal status of ownership of ancient coins. The first step was to claim the return of jewellery confiscated by the communist regime. Based on two decrees, no. 210/1960 – on the means of payments in foreign currency, precious metals and precious stones; and no. 244/1978 – the right to ownership of precious metals and stones, the communist regime confiscated a large quantity of objects considered as belonging to the state and not to individuals (article 16, Decree 244/1978). The two decrees were repealed through O.U.G. (Government Emergency Ordinance) no. 190/2000 and Law no. 158/2004. This has led to a large series of trials in court as the former owners or their legitimate heirs sued the state or the National Bank to return those objects. Only in one case, 21.348 kilos of gold (coins and 1 This

work was carried out within the research projects UEFISCSDI PN-II-IDPCE-2012-4-0210 and PN-II-RU-TE 20123-0216.

2 http://www.cimec.ro/Numismatica/aur/cd/2.htm

Cristian G A˘ zdac

jewellery) valued at 214,500 euros were returned to the former owner plus compensation as they had spent some time in jail for the crime of owning “precious metals” during communist times. 3 After the fall of communism in Romania in 1989 the national heritage faced a more dangerous threat – the trafficking of national heritage artefacts (ancient coins being an important part of this phenomenon). Furthermore, following the incredible development of metal-detecting techniques and devices, this ‘hobby’ became almost a national issue because of the impact on the black market of artefacts belonging to the Romanian national heritage, and even became part of organised crime. Therefore, legislation regarding ancient coins has also evolved, adapting to the dangers posed by the smuggling of artefacts. The main law in this matter in Romania at the moment is “Law no. 182 of October 25, 2000 regarding the protection of the movable national heritage”. As soon as coins are declared part of the national heritage they fall under strict legislation regarding the finding, stealing, trafficking and any other means by which they do not enter the national heritage domain. Article 1, § 2 includes in the national heritage repertory “the totality of objects identified as such, regardless of ownership rights over them, representing a testimony and an expression of the values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions in continuous evolution; it comprises all the elements resulting from the interaction, in the course of time, between human and natural agents”. After a general definition the law provides a more specific picture of what are the categories included in the national heritage: Article 3 § 1. The movable national cultural heritage includes objects of exceptional historical, archaeological, documentary, ethnological, artistic, scientific and technical, literary, cinematographic, numismatic, philatelic, heraldic, bibliographic, cartographic and epigraphic value, representing material evidence for the evolution of the natural environment and for the relation of humans with it, the potential creativity of mankind and the Romanian contribution to universal civilization. Apart from being part of the national heritage as numismatic material, coins can be regarded as artefacts of the movable national heritage due to additional features. 3 http://www.scj.ro/SC%20rezumate%202005/SC%20r%202268%202005.htm

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§ 2.1. The movable national cultural heritage consists of archaeological and historical-documentary objects, such as: a) products of archaeological exploration and excavations conducted on land and under water, tools, pottery, inscriptions, coins, seals, jewellery, items of clothing or harness, weapons, funerary remains, site materials that represent archaeological samples for specialised analysis, except for construction material; b) items relating to the political, economic, social, military, religious, scientific, artistic, sporting history; e) objects of archival value; f) items and documents of numismatic, philatelic, heraldic value: coins, medals, decorations, badges, registered designs, stamps, flags and banners; g) epigraphic items; The judicial importance of the artefacts considered part of the national heritage is stipulated in Article 4. According to their historical, archaeological, documentary, ethnological, artistic, scientific and technical, literary, cinematographic, numismatic, philatelic, heraldic, bibliographic, cartographic and epigraphic importance, antiquity or rarity, the objects belonging to the movable national heritage fall into: a) the movable national cultural heritage corpus, further referred to as the thesaurus, consisting of cultural items of exceptional value for humanity; b) the movable national cultural heritage basic items, further referred to as basic items, consisting of cultural items of exceptional value for Romania. Unlike the communist legislation, the new law on the national heritage of Romania states that the objects belonging to the national heritage can also be held as private property: “Movable cultural objects may be held as public or private property by the state or by territorial-administrative entities or as private property by private bodies or individuals”.4 At the same time, the law already comes with stipulations regarding the safety of objects belonging to the national heritage:

Law 182/200, art. 5, § 1.

Cristian G A˘ zdac

Article 7 § 1. The competent authorities have the obligation to act, according to the legal provisions in force and the international conventions subscribed by Romania , in order to recover any cultural object that was illegally removed or appropriated from museums or collections or illegally held abroad; § 2. On the basis of a co-operation agreement, the competent authorities must participate in any joint international operation aiming at prohibiting and deterring illicit activities of import, export and property transfer of cultural objects. At the same time Article 8 states: “The public authorities, owners, bearers of other rights, as well as bearers of the administrative right to the objects belonging to the movable national cultural heritage have the obligation to protect them against any deliberate or perfunctory deeds that can lead to their degradation, damage, loss, illegal export or mis-appropriation”. 5 In order to avoid any doubt on the provenance of an artefact within the meaning of national heritage Article 45 stipulates: “Archaeological, epigraphic, numismatic, paleontological or geological objects, discovered in the context of systematic research for archaeological or geological purposes or within rescue or preventive archaeological research, as well as those accidentally discovered, in consequence of any kind of works, performed on state-owned property, according to article 136 paragraph (3) of the Romanian Constitution, revised, represent public property, in conformity with the legal stipulations”.6 Regarding the procedure to adopt when such artefacts – including ancient coins – are found the same law stipulates: “Individuals having accidentally discovered objects from the category mentioned in article 45, paragraph (1) must deliver them, within 72 hours after the discovery, to the mayor of the territorial-administrative unit that covers the discovery site; the mayor must inform the provincial public office of the Ministry of Culture about the objects discovered, within 72 hours, and must take protective and conservation measures; within 10 days the mayor must hand over the objects thus discovered to the county office for culture and national cultural heritage”.7 At the same time, the law precisely mentions the reward to which the finder is entitled: “The finders of an accidental discovery, who hand over the objects

Law 182/200, art. 8.

Law 182/200, art. 45, § 1.

Law 182/200, art. 48, § 1, 2, 3.

PECUNIA …OLE T! ROMANIAN LEGISL ATION ON ANCIENT COIN FINDS

discovered in compliance with the provisions stipulated under paragraph (1), are entitled to a pecuniary reward equivalent to 30% of the value of the object, calculated at the time the reward is granted; if the archaeological discovery is of exceptional value, a bonus of up to 15 % of the value of the object may be awarded”.8 The value of this artefact/these artefacts is established by certain categories of experts: “…licenced experts of the county offices for culture and national cultural heritage or by other licenced experts”,9 more precisely: “The bodies that do not possess the expert licence issued by the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs, but possess the technical expert licence issued by other authorities of the central public administration, may exercise their expertise, in compliance with the present law, only on the basis of prior accreditation issued by the National Commission of Museums and Collections”.10 The best example in this regard is the most recent case (Fall 2013) of a coin hoard discovered in an isolated place by a metal-detectorist. The hoard consists of more than 47,000 Ottoman silver coins (akçe) minted during the reign of Sultan Murad II (1421–1444). The value of these coins was estimated at approximately 500,000 Euros. The finder is going to receive 150,000 Euros plus a 75,000 Euros bonus because of the importance of such a discovery.11 An entire chapter of this law is dedicated to the artefacts belonging to the national heritage “illegally removed from the territory of Romania”.12 The first article points out that the Ministry of Culture is entitled to inquire where the object is, while the next articles and their paragraphs stipulate that this authority can take, practically, any measures in order to recover the object(s) for the national heritage: from compensation to requests for help from other specialized institutions (e.g. police).13 The infringements are stated in chapter IX and article 59 stipulates: “Infringements of the stipulations of the present law imply material, disciplinary, civil or penal penalties”.14

Law 182/200, art. 48, § 4.

Law 182/200, art. 48, § 5.

Law 182/200, art. 51, § 2.

11 http://www.gandul.info/reportaj/tezaurul-de-la-golesti-cum-a-descoperit-iulian-un-

roman-cu-spirit-civic-comoara-lui-murad-al-ii-lea-11298952. 12

Law 182/200, chapter VIII2: The restitution of movable cultural objects illegally removed from Romanian territory.

Law 182/200, arts. 5812, 5813, 5814, 5815

Law 182/200, art. 59.

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Article 60, § 1 presents in 17 sub-paragraphs – letters a–r – situations considered as offences and the level of fines.15 The last can be updated by Government decree.16 Then the next articles of this law present those cases where infringements are punishable with prison. The content of most of these articles applies to ancient coin finds due to their status as artefacts with national heritage value, archaeological objects and special artefacts. Thus, article 65, § 1, punishes the production of copies and casts – amongst other counterfeiting techniques – without “the written approval of the bearer of the administrative right or the owner” with prison from one year to three years or with a fine.17 The next article, 66, comes with the further stipulation that the counterfeiting of national heritage artefacts for commercial purposes is punishable with prison from one to five years.18 In recent decades the trafficking of ancient artefacts (mainly coins) has led in almost all cases either to the damage or destruction of the objects. Once this aspect was demonstrated in court, apart from the accusations of trafficking national heritage the offenders were also charged with the stipulations of article 67, § 1–2: “Degrading, destroying or damaging a classified movable object, as well as impeding any conservation measures intended to restore such an item are considered to be infractions and shall be punished with prison for two to seven years; (2) Any attempt in this aspect shall also be punished”.19 Still, the main articles regarding the punishment for trafficking cultural goods are articles 69 and 70. Article 69 mentions: “Removing an object from the territory of a state without an export certificate represents illegal export and shall be punished with prison from two to seven years. If the action stated in paragraph (1) resulted in the total loss of a classified movable cultural object, the perpetrator(s) shall be punished with prison from three to ten years; any attempt in this aspect shall also be punished.”20 If the trafficking is considered permanent, article 70 states: “Any permanent export of classified movable objects, regardless of bearer of the property right shall be punished with prison from three to ten years”. Even supplying information that may lead to all the aspects mentioned above is punishable

Law 182/200, art. 60, § 1, letters a–r.

Law 182/200, art. 60, § 6.

Law 182/200, art. 65, § 1.

Law 182/200, art. 66.

Law 182/200, art. 65, § 1-2.

Law 182/200, art. 69, § 1, 3.

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with prison from six months to a year. 21 In all these situations the objects and tools are confiscated. As one would expect the activities that lead to removing and/or trafficking cultural goods, metal-detecting, unauthorized excavations, unauthorized conservation and restoration work are punished with prison from two to seven years and the seizure of the artefacts and tools. 22 All these infringements are also included in Government Ordinance 43/2000 and laws 378/2001 and 258/2006 on the protection of archaeological heritage and establishment of archaeological sites as areas of national interest. Owing to their status as archaeological artefacts coin finds also benefit from the stipulations of this ordinance. The law 182/2000 ends with an appendix that specifies which categories of cultural goods are subject to return and/or recovery. Ancient coins fit in more than one category: “1. Archaeological objects older than 100 years, resulting from: archaeological discoveries and excavations, on land or under water; archaeological sites; archaeological collections; 12. Elements resulting from dismembered artistic, historic or religious monuments, older than 100 years; 12b. Collections of historical, paleontological, ethnographic or numismatic interest”. 23 This law has been amended by several legislative acts: the Government Emergency Ordinance 16/March 27, 2003 and law 488/2006 but the changes refer to the details and not the basis of the law. Romanian legislation regarding the protection of national heritage was expanded especially after the great increase in the trafficking of cultural goods that occurred in Romania in the 1990s. The following are some cases of hoards of ancient coins smuggled and recovered, partially recovered or still on the list of wanted objects:

Law 182/200, art. 71.

Law 182/200, art. 73–75.

Law 182/200, appendix.

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a) the hoard of 3,000 Koson gold coins stolen in August 1996 from the archaeological site of “Dealul Bodii”; b) the hoard of 3,600 Lysimachos gold coins stolen in August 1998 from the archaeological site of “S¸esu Ca˘pra˘ret¸ei”; c) the hoard of a snake-shaped golden bracelet and 1000 Lysimachos gold staters stolen in March 1999 from the archaeological site of “Muchea Ceta˘t¸ ii”; d) the hoard of 2,300 Koson silver coins stolen in 2004 from the archaeological site of “Dealul Bodii”. 24

A. Laza˘r,“Recovering the past”. On the circ*mstances of repatriating the Dacian royal treasures stolen from Sarmizegetusa Regia archeological site, in (eds. A. Laza˘r, C. Ga˘zdac et al.) Fighting the trafficking in cultural goods – recovering the past. [Patrimonium III], Bucharest, 2013, pp. 63–72.

19 THE LAW AND PRACTICE REGARDING COIN FINDS Rahel C. Ackermann – Anne-Francine Auberson Les trouvailles monétaires et la loi en Suisse L’article 724 du Code civil suisse (CC) règle la façon de traiter les antiquités à valeur scientifique, sans propriétaire: celles-ci appartiennent au canton dans lequel elles ont été mises au jour 1. Les inventeurs sont tenus de déclarer leurs découvertes, mais ont droit à une indemnité équitable, qui ne doit pas dépasser la valeur des objets. Le Code civil suisse étant entré en vigueur en 1912, les découvertes antérieures ne sont pas concernées par cette loi. Une partie d’entre elles se trouvent donc encore en mains privées ou dans les collections de différents musées. Comme pour n’importe quel texte juridique, les termes, choisis avec soin, peuvent être sujets à diverses interprétations qui, dans le cas des trouvailles monétaires également, peuvent être décisives: que signifie la notion de «valeur scientifique»? Qu’est-ce qu’une «indemnité équitable»? Ce règlement se limite-t-il aux seules découvertes archéologiques, ou aussi aux trouvailles d’habitat provenant de bâtiments encore existants? Autre particularité: la Suisse étant un pays organisé en structure fédérale, chacun des 26 cantons et demi-cantons possède ses propres constitution et pouvoirs législatif, exécutif, judiciaire. Concrètement, l’application de la Constitution et des lois fédérales est laissée aux autorités cantonales, ce qui signifie qu’il existe, au niveau régional, de grandes divergences dans l’application de cet article 724 du Code civil. Les instances archéologiques cantonales sont également dotées de moyens très différents: alors que la plupart des cantons bénéficient d’un Service archéologique permanent, avec du personnel qualifié, d’autres doivent recourir aux Archives de l’État, qui font office de bureau pour annoncer les découvertes, mais qui ne disposent d’aucun archéologue pour s’occuper de la documentation, de la conservation, ou encore du suivi des objets. Les trouvailles monétaires tombent précisément sous le coup des «antiquités» sans propriétaires. Mais à quelle époque doivent-elles remonter pour détenir une «valeur scientifique»? Cette appréciation évolue grandement au fil du temps. En Suisse, c’est à partir de la Renaissance que les monnaies antiques jouissent d’un fort attrait. Quant aux monnaies médiévales, elles sont perçues comme dignes d’intérêt depuis le XIXe siècle, et dès le milieu du XXe environ, même des trésors modernes sont, au moins sommaire1

Le droit de propriété du canton est inextinguible.

R ahel C . Ackermann – Anne-Francine Auberson

ment, enregistrés avant d’être rendus sans conditions à leurs inventeurs. Ce n’est qu’au cours des dernières décennies que la Science se focalise sur les trouvailles d’ensemble et isolées de l’époque moderne, et ceci notamment grâce aux efforts du Groupe suisse pour l’étude des trouvailles monétaires (GSETM) fondé en 1985, et de l’Inventaire des trouvailles monétaires suisses (ITMS) créé en 1992, une entreprise affiliée à l’Académie suisse des sciences humaines (ASSH). Depuis que les objets de l’époque moderne sont pris en considération, les recherches relatives aux trouvailles monétaires issues de bâtiments se sont multipliées, mais, selon les régions, leur traitement diverge encore plus que pour les découvertes archéologiques. Tandis que, dans certains cantons2, trouvailles modernes et archéologiques sont traitées sur un pied d’égalité, dans d’autres, les premières sont laissées aux propriétaires des maisons ou aux ouvriers, ignorées ou à peine documentées même si elles ont été mises au jour dans le cadre de recherches menées de manière officielle par les autorités cantonales. Aujourd’hui, nous nous inscrivons dans une «best practice» de la numismatique – scientifique, dans le sens où les trouvailles monétaires et les objets dits para-numismatiques tels que, par exemple, les poids monétaires, les jetons de compte, ou encore les marques et médailles religieuses, de toutes époques et même modernes, sont bien documentés (si possible avec l’indication précise du lieu et des circonstances de la découverte, la détermination numismatique, le poids et la documentation photographique), même si les autorités cantonales ne font pas valoir leur droit de propriété et que l’objet lui-même n’est ensuite plus disponible pour la Science. Savoir quels objets seront conservés dans tel ou tel canton dépend tout d’abord de l’intérêt (ou du désintérêt!) des responsables. En l’absence de spécialiste sur place pour se charger des enregistrements de base et examiner ce matériel avec l’œil du scientifique, il est possible d’appeler à la rescousse, par exemple l’Inventaire des trouvailles monétaires suisse. Régulièrement, des trouvailles monétaires considérées comme «peu intéressantes» arrivent à l’ITMS. Des informations sur la situation juridique sont alors fournies, les monnaies sont enregistrées et signalées aux autorités 2

Voir par ex., pour le canton de Zoug: A. Boschetti-Maradi – S. Doswald – B. Moser, Bauforschung und Numismatik – Fundmünzen aus Bauuntersuchungen im Kanton Zug, Revue suisse de numismatique 91, 2012, p. 261–290, pl. 34–47; part. p. 262–265, pl. 35–37. Études modèles: A.-F. Auberson, Fribourg en Nuithonie: faciès monétaire d’une petite ville au centre de l’Europe, in: N. Holmes (éd.), Proceedings of the XIVth International Numismatic Congress Glasgow 2009, vol. II, Glasgow 2011, p. 1360–1368; A.-F. Auberson, Des monnaies pour raconter Morat, Cahiers d’Archéologie Fribourgeoise 10, 2008, p. 190–215; B. Zäch – R. C. Warburton-Ackermann, Die Münzfunde aus der Winterthurer Altstadt 1807–1994, in: Archäologie im Kanton Zürich 1993–1994 (Berichte der Kantonsarchäologie 13), Zürich – Egg, 1996, p. 205–242.

Les trouvailles moné taires et la loi en Suisse

compétentes, et l’ITMS se positionne en intermédiaire entre instances cantonales et inventeurs. Grâce à sa présence sur Internet et lors de manifestations comme les «Römertage» d’Augst BL, l’ITMS est perçu comme une structure facile d’accès et sans fonction juridique, ce qui fait que le public fait plus volontiers appel à ses services. Autre point de discussion: la question de l’«indemnité équitable». L’idée de la valeur des objets que se font les inventeurs et les autorités cantonales est souvent très différente. Dans de nombreux cantons, on verse généralement à l’inventeur, au maximum, la somme qu’il toucherait en vendant leurs biens dans le commerce – montant au demeurant modeste si l’on se base sur l’état de conservation de la plupart des trouvailles monétaires de Suisse. La majorité des découvreurs se satisfont toutefois d’une simple lettre de remerciements officielle émanant d’autorités compétentes et se réjouissent d’autant si leur découverte fait l’objet d’un communiqué de presse. Pour ce qui concerne les privés qui prospectent à l’aide de détecteurs de métal, la Suisse n’a pas de solution satisfaisante. La vente des appareils est autorisée, les détectoristes sont tenus d’annoncer immédiatement leurs découvertes aux autorités compétentes et la prospection est interdite sur les sites bien connus, qui sont d’ailleurs classés en périmètres archéologiques protégés. En outre, la plupart des cantons offrent aux intéressés la possibilité de s’inscrire en tant qu’«éclaireurs» officiels. Ces personnes s’engagent dès lors à situer précisément, signaler immédiatement et remettre aux autorités cantonales toutes leurs découvertes. A ce titre et sous conditions, ils sont mandatés pour explorer, dans le cadre de prospections officielles, certaines zones pas encore inscrites en périmètre archéologique et menacées par des projets de construction. Il arrive parfois que des privés annoncent aux autorités les ramassages effectués durant les dernières années, voire les dernières décennies. Souvent malheureusem*nt, ils n’en mentionnent qu’une partie, qui plus est avec des mentions de provenance partielles ne permettant plus de rattacher les découvertes à un lieu précis. S’ils se montrent prêts à coopérer avec les autorités et à renoncer dans le futur à toute recherche illégale, ils ne sont en règle générale pas poursuivis, et on essaye de les impliquer dans les recherches en tant que prospecteurs. Il est en revanche impossible d’évaluer l’importance de la zone grise et noire dans laquelle évoluent les prospecteurs conscients et même fiers d’être dans l’illégalité. Ces détectoristes essaient par le biais de tiers ou de marchands, d’entrer anonymement en contact avec les organismes officiels, avant tout les musées, et de faire ainsi passer leurs trouvailles particulières, moyennant finances, dans le secteur public. Les lieux de découvertes sont alors dissimulés, le matériel est délibérément mélangé ou attribué à des sites factices afin, par exemple, de profiter des différences de procédures existant

R ahel C . Ackermann – Anne-Francine Auberson

d’un canton à l’autre, qui ont d’ailleurs également été mises en évidence en Allemagne, d’un land à l’autre. Dans ces cas, on a également recours à la Loi sur le transfert des biens culturels (LTBC), loi fédérale entrée en vigueur en 2005 et qui ratifie la Convention de l’UNESCO de 1970. Cette loi oblige collectionneurs et marchands à notamment se procurer des certificats de provenance pour tous les biens culturels. L’arrêté fixe en outre à au moins SFR 5000.- la valeur estimée de l’objet pour que l’enregistrement, onéreux, en vaille la peine – nombre de pièces vendues dans les bourses aux monnaies n’atteignent de loin pas cette somme et échappent ainsi à tout contrôle. Toutefois, cet arrêté spécifie expressément qu’il n’existe aucune limite de valeur pour le «produit de fouilles ou de découvertes archéologiques ou paléontologiques»: en l’absence de certificat de provenance et d’autorisation des organes compétents, le commerce de trouvailles archéologiques est donc prohibé. La loi n’est pas appliquée rétroactivement, mais seulement à partir de 2005 et depuis lors, bien des marchands font preuve d’une grande retenue lorsqu’ils se trouvent face à des objets dans leur état de découverte, ou de provenance incertaine. La vente de pièces mises au jour illégalement est ainsi devenue plus difficile. Comme dans l’article 724 du Code civil, de nombreuses questions restent ouvertes. Jusqu’à quand, au sein de l’époque moderne, parle-t-on de «fouilles ou découvertes archéologiques»? Les monnaies issues de bâtiments toujours existants sont-elles également considérées comme telles? Alors que les trouvailles monétaires antiques et médiévales sont légalement protégées, les découvertes modernes se trouvent, une fois de plus, dans une zone juridique grise. Malgré les règlements fédéraux, la forte divergence dans les législations cantonales, en particulier dans le traitement des découvertes archéologiques, depuis la réaction à l’annonce de la découverte jusqu’à la publication en passant par la conservation et l’étude, entraîne une forte inégalité dans l’état des connaissances suivant les régions. Ainsi les découvertes monétaires du XIIIe siècle provenant de Suisse centrale étaient-elles, encore récemment, extrêmement rares. Or, depuis la mise au jour, en prospection, de trois ensembles dans les cantons de Zoug, Lucerne et Obwald3, le nombre de trouvailles s’est sensiblement accru.

Canton de Zoug, Cham-Oberwilerwald, au moins 51 ex.: S. Doswald, Kanton Zug II (ITMS 9), Berne 2009, p. 116–120. Canton de Lucerne, Dagmersellen-Gaitschiflüeli, château fort, 10 ex.: J. Diaz Tabernero, Der Brakteatenfund von der Burgstelle Gaitschiflüeli in Dagmersellen LU, Gazette numismatique suisse 61, 2011, p. 17–20. Canton d‘Obwald, col du Brünig, au moins 121 ex.: J. Diaz Tabernero, Ein Fund-Ensemble des 13. Jahrhunderts aus dem Kanton Obwalden, Gazette numismatique suisse 64, 2014, p. 22–24.

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Cette augmentation est directement liée aux efforts déployés ces dernières années pour compenser les fortes divergences régionales. D’une part, les cantons moins bien lotis de Suisse centrale sont pris en charge par leurs voisins, d’autre part, l’année 2013 a vu se réunir au sein d’«Alliance patrimoine», quatre associations importantes qui se consacrent à l’archéologie et à la préservation des biens culturels en Suisse. Ensemble, elles ont désormais le poids politique nécessaire pour influer au niveau tant fédéral que cantonal. En parallèle et de concert avec les instances cantonales, des institutions telles que l’ITMS se chargent d’entretenir le réseau les inventeurs privés, là où n’existent aucun moyen ou que peu d’intérêt pour les trouvailles monétaires, en particulier pour celles de l’époque moderne.

Liens Code civil suisse: www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19070042/index.html Loi fédérale sur le transfert international des biens culturels : www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20001408/index.html Services cantonaux d’archéologie : www.archaeologie.ch Groupe suisse pour l’étude des trouvailles monétaires (GSETM) : www.archaeologie-schweiz.ch/SAF.210.0.html?&L=3 Inventaire des trouvailles monétaires suisse (ITMS): www.trouvailles-monetaires.ch Alliance patrimoine : www.alliance-patrimoine.ch

R ahel C . Ackermann – Anne-Francine Auberson

Code civil suisse Livre quatrième: Des droits réels > Première partie: De la propriété > Titre vingtième: De la propriété mobilière > B. Mode d’acquisition > III Choses trouvées

Art. 724 5. Objets ayant une valeur scientifique 1 Les curiosités naturelles et les antiquités qui n’appartiennent à personne et qui offrent un intérêt scientifique sont la propriété du canton sur le territoire duquel elles ont été trouvées. 1bis Elles ne peuvent être aliénées sans l’autorisation des autorités cantonales compétentes. Elles ne peuvent faire l’objet d’une prescription acquisitive ni être acquises de bonne foi. L’action en revendication est imprescriptible. 2 Le propriétaire dans le fonds duquel sont trouvées des choses semblables est obligé de permettre les fouilles nécessaires, moyennant qu’il soit indemnisé du préjudice causé par ces travaux. 3 L’auteur de la découverte et de même, s’il s’agit d’un trésor, le propriétaire a droit à une indemnité équitable, qui n’excédera pas la valeur de la chose.

25 LES GRANDS NUMISMATES N. Keith Rutter Barclay Vincent Head (1844–1914)1 Barclay Head has long held a central place in my personal numismatic pantheon, and my interest in his career has developed even more in recent years while I have been working on the third edition of his great compendium on ancient Greek coinage, Historia Numorum. The first two editions of this book were published in 1886 and 1911 respectively, and it is a measure of Head’s achievement that it remains in many parts the standard work on Greek coinage. My own labours on the third edition have certainly enhanced my admiration for the scope and depth of Head’s earlier editions, and I wanted to know more about his wider contribution to the development of Greek numismatics. Who, then, was Barclay Vincent Head, and what were his contributions to numismatic scholarship? Those are of course the starting points for my enquiry, but I want also to introduce themes that are of wider interest and concern. How did Head’s work fit into the trends of contemporary classical and numismatic scholarship? To what extent did he follow trends, to what extent did he innovate, break new ground? In my investigations so far I have been fortunate to have had access to a rich source of material in the archives of the British Museum. 2 This has shed a great deal of light on the “public” side of Head’s career, and there is almost certainly more archive material in existence that could further illuminate other aspects of his work, for example, his international standing as a numismatist. 3 Up to now, however, I have not tracked down any of the more personal material, letters and so on, that would give us some insight into what Head himself thought he was doing. For that we still have to rely on the evidence of his own works, what he says in them, and the methodologies he adopts. To begin, then, with the basics of Head’s career. He was born in 1844, in Ipswich, where he attended the excellent Queen Elizabeth Grammar School between midsummer 1857 and midsummer 1861. The Head Master of the 1 This

is a slightly shortened version of an article already published in DAIS PHILE� SISTEPHANOS. Studies in Honour of Professor STAFFAN FOGELMARK Presented on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, 12 April 2004, P. Sandin, M. Wifstrand Schiebe (edd.), Uppsala 2004, pp. 418–34.

I am grateful to Christopher Date and Gary Thorn of the British Museum Central Archives for showing me the material on Head in their care, and also to Mary Hinton, Librarian of the Department of Coins and Medals in the BM, for allowing me extended use of a remarkable scrapbook of reviews and notices of Head’s work.

Andrew Burnett informs me that letters from Head (and also from his colleague Reginald Stuart Poole) to Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer are held in Winterthur.

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school while Head was there was Hubert A. Holden, late Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge and editor of Aristophanes. So there can be little doubt that the young Head had a thorough grounding in the Greek and Latin classics. After leaving school Head pursued his studies for nine months or so with a private tutor, who had in fact taught him at school. Surprisingly, perhaps, he did not go on to University, but in October 1862, at the age of 18, he applied to the British Museum, initially, it seems, for a vacancy as an Assistant in the Department of Printed Books.4 Some documentation survives showing how Head went about applying for this post, for example, his actual Application Form, dated October 28 1862. Apart from the bare details of his education that I have already summarised, he mentions only that “I have past (sic) the examination of the University of Oxford, as a senior candidate, and have been declared an Associate in Arts.” I need to investigate further what exactly that signifies. I have assumed above that he was already proficient in Latin and Greek, but what other skills had he acquired, for example, in modem European languages? There are in addition several surviving references on his behalf. His Head Master, for example, comments on his “uniform diligence and good conduct”, and goes on to say that he “would make an useful officer in any establishment where punctuality, perseverance and tact are required”. His private tutor concurs: “He pursued his studies with the most commendable assiduity and earnestness.” Already the qualities in Head that would be remarked on and would stand him in good stead in his later scholarly career have been appreciated: as a scholar, the accuracy of his work and his eye for detail; in his relations with others, his courtesy and probity. At some point, either Head or his family must have approached the local Member of Parliament for advice on the procedures for appointment to the British Museum. A letter in the BM archive dated August 22 1862 explains those procedures to the said M.P., Mr. Western Wood. ‘’When vacancies arise, eligible candidates are sought for, all applications are considered and examined, and the candidate appearing to possess the best qualifications undergoes an examination of the Civil Service Commissioners.” The letter goes on to recommend that Mr. Head should call at the BM, request to see the Chief Librarian, and ask to have his name inserted in the list of candidates. The Librarian would inform him of the duties of the post. There is no further evidence on the circ*mstances of Head’s initial appointment to the BM, except that in February 1864 he was appointed as a Second Class Assistant in the Department of Coins and Medals, at a salary of £150 per annum. The Keeper of Coins and Medals at that time was William Vaux, and one of the three First Class Assistants was Reginald Stuart 4

A separate Department of Coins and Medals was formed in 1861, just before Head was making enquiries and applying to the BM.

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Poole. In September 1870 Vaux retired, leaving a vacancy in the Keepership. By December that year Poole had been appointed Keeper, leaving in turn a vacancy for the Assistant Keepership. By March in the next year 1871 that post had been filled by Head. What had Head done during his first seven years or so at the BM to fit him for such a post, so young? We are fortunate to have a very full account, from Head himself, of his activities and the qualifications he had acquired for the post of Assistant Keeper. We also have a number of letters of reference on his behalf. The answer to the question “What had Head done?” can be briefly stated: “A very great deal in the time available to him.” As Head himself remarked in his letter of application: “I am fully aware that the time during which I have been employed by the Trustees is shorter than the term of service which an Assistant has generally to go through in the Museum before his promotion to so high a rank.” Head’s work had in fact ranged throughout the entire collection of the Department of Coins and Medals. He summarised his achievements in a letter dated November 5, 1870 and addressed to the Archbishop of Canterbury, at that time Chairman of the trustees of the BM. “In the Greek, Medieval and Modern, and English series, almost all the registration and incorporation of the acquisitions made during the last seven years ... , in all about 11,000 coins, have been done by me, together with the incorporation of the Imperial Greek series consisting of some 10,000 coins, with that of the Autonomous coins. I have also worked under Mr. Poole’s direction upon the Catalogue of Greek Coins, and have carried out a more accurate arrangement of certain important portions of the Greek series.” A pause here for comment. Registration of objects and their incorporation into the existing collections are fundamental to the work of a museum, but here we have in addition references to the “arrangement” and “cataloguing” of the coins. What is the best way to make known a museum’s collection to the wider scholarly world and to the general public? For the BM’s collection of Greek coins in the 1870s the answer to that question was a plan to publish a Catalogue of the Museum’s holdings. Head contributed to the first two volumes of this massive enterprise, on the Greek coins of Italy and of Sicily (both in collaboration with R. S. Poole and P. Gardner; the two volumes appeared in 1873 and 1876 respectively), and by the time the twenty-seventh volume was published in 1914 he had been responsible for a further nine volumes: Thrace (1877, with Percy Gardner), Macedonia (1879), Central Greece (1884), Attica, Megaris and Aegina (1888), Corinth and her Colonies (1889), Ionia (1892), Caria (1897), Lydia (1902), Phrygia (1906). All this energetic cataloguing stimulated further activity in Britain (for example, George Macdonald’s Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection, three volumes between 1899 and 1905; S. W. Grose’s Catalogue of the McClean Collection of Greek Coins, three volumes between

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1923 and 1929; L. Forrer’s The Weber Collection, three volumes between 1922 and 1929), but attempts to emulate it on the continent petered out after only a few volumes. The work of Head and his colleagues at the BM is an inspiration to those who undertake work in order to complete it. I shall return to the theme of international co-operation or competition, and also to Head’s work on Greek coinage, but let me first complete my brief survey of his work in the BM before his appointment as Assistant Keeper in 1871. In the Roman series he was entrusted with the arrangement and cataloguing of the brass portion of the Collection of the Bank of England. He took up the Anglo-Saxon portion of the English series as a special study, taking particular care over the arrangement and cataloguing of the coins of Edward the Confessor. In the oriental series he registered and incorporated a large part of the Chinese and Japanese acquisitions (under the direction of Dr. Birch) and obtained a good knowledge of Parthian and Bactrian coins. In the series of English and Foreign medals he was responsible for the registration and incorporation of all the acquisitions since his initial appointment, and the chronological arrangement of the Royal Collection, in all about 6,000 coins. In addition to and arising from his work in the BM Head had begun to publish. His first two articles, in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1867 and 1868, were on Anglo-Saxon coins, but the 1868 Chronicle also contained a contribution on the coinage of Ilion, the first of a long series of articles on Greek coinage. 5 For all these activities of cataloguing and publication, Head received some glowing testimonials both to his academic achievements and to his personal qualities. His boss Reginald Stuart Poole summed up his “special qualifications”: “good knowledge of archaeology and numismatics; practical acquaintance with the collections, especially the Greek and English series; great accuracy and delicacy of work; knowledge of how labour may be economized without detriment to the Antiquities Department.” Qualifications that would obviously be valued nowadays too. Thus it was that Head, at the age of 27/28, was established as Assistant Keeper to Poole, and ready for the next stage in his career at the British Museum. He became Keeper in the Department of Coins and Medals on Poole’s retirement in 1893, and continued in that post until his own retirement in 1906. He died in 1914. 5

The Numismatic Chronicle had started life as the Numismatic Journal in 1836, the year of the foundation of the Numismatic Society in London (from 1904 the Royal Numismatic Society). In the 1830s and 1840s numismatics had begun to break out from being a mainly aristocratic preserve, not only in Britain but also on the continent. The Revue de la numismatique française first appeared in 1836 (from 1838 Revue numismatique), and the Revue de la numismatique belge in 1842.

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How might one characterize Head’s achievement in and contribution to his chosen field of Greek numismatics? We can begin to explore that question under three headings: first, his cataloguing activities, to which some reference has already been made; secondly, his studies of individual mints and their relationship to the cataloguing activity; and thirdly, his massive overview of Greek coinage, Historia Numorum, referred to earlier and still the first port of call if one wants to check a reference to a coin that one doesn’t know. First, the cataloguing. In this area of activity Head participated in and contributed to the beginning and then the development of a new, ambitious and ultimately successful enterprise, that of publishing the British Museum’s holdings of Greek coins. But why catalogue? And once one has decided to embark on the task, how does one present the catalogue of one’s chosen part of the surviving material evidence of antiquity to the wider scholarly community and public? What to include, what to leave out? From some points of view, cataloguing and the reasons for it might seem to be a relatively straightforward business. A reviewer of BMC Central Greece (1884) stated the objective in general terms: he was pleased to see evidence that national institutions were realizing their “duties to science and to the public”; scholars were being informed about the objects they were studying, and the public was being given access to material in a public collection. Another reviewer, of BMC Ionia (1892) spelled out in more detail what such access might entail: “By the assistance of these illustrations, with the descriptions, tables and maps, even students who are unable to visit collections may acquire very valuable information on the subject of Hellenic coinage, and the more favourably situated may with advantage prepare themselves here for that examination of the objects themselves which is indispensable for the true numismatist.” A third reviewer (of BMC Corinth (1889)) had in mind the needs of a specific group of individuals, namely the collectors of coins: “[the volume] is well adapted to assist collectors in the identification of coins. The weight, size, device and inscriptions of each piece are given with autotypes of about half of them.” But how does one present one’s material most effectively? It depends what one is trying to do of course, and that can introduce complexities. Even at a formal level ideas obviously change and develop over time. The published series of BM Catalogues of Greek Coins started with Italy in 1873, and finished with Cyrenaica in 1927. During that period of more than 50 years, details of the presentation changed in response to a variety of factors: among them, the experience of the editors, the amount of material available to catalogue, the perceived needs of readers and technical developments such as photography. The fundamental characteristics of the BM Catalogues were apparent in the very first one, Italy (1873), and were remarked on by a succession of review-

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ers: the careful and accurate recording of the coins, with a note in each case of the metal, weight and diameter. From the start there were several Indexes, which did not change fundamentally in content over the years: geographical, types, remarkable symbols, names of magistrates and engravers, remarkable inscriptions and legends. In the course of time a number of additional formal features were included. Macedonia (1879) was the first of the volumes to open with a substantial Introduction of 63 pp., treating the subject historically and geographically; it was also the first volume to contain a map, with the names of the different cities underlined in different colours to represent the different weight standards in use. In subsequent volumes maps were not always included (the next of Head’s volumes to include one was Ionia (1892), but Introductions became a standard feature, on the whole increasing in length and complexity as time went on. Following Macedonia with its 63 pp., Caria (1897) had 93 pp. and Lydia (1902) had 133 pp. Photographic plates appeared for the first time in Central Greece (1884), when there were 24, and the number of plates gradually increased over time: Head’s final BMC, Phrygia, the twenty-fifth volume in the whole series, had 53 plates. Adequate illustration of the material assumed increasing importance. It might be added here that Head was fortunate to have the means at his disposal to increase the number and enhance the significance of the objects that he was cataloguing. This fact, and its implications, are referred to in the comment of one of the reviewers of the first edition of Historia Numorum: “It is indispensable – if the scientific usefulness and accuracy of the catalogues are not to be impaired – that the Keeper of Coins should have funds sufficient to enable him to make his series better worth cataloguing.” In at least one instance there is clear evidence of Head’s awareness of this aspect of his work. In a review of Phrygia (1906), R. Weil described how in 1873 Henri Waddington, the well-known French archaeologist and diplomat with a special interest in the numismatics of Asia Minor, advised Head not to undertake the cataloguing of the Phrygian section until that hitherto so little considered section had been extended in proportion to its importance. Head took that advice seriously and built up the BM’s collection of Phrygian coins. In 1873 the Phrygian section in the BM contained about 700 coins, as opposed to the 1686 referred to in Mionnet’s Description des Médailles. BMC Phrygia embraces 2,148 coins. The writer of one of Head’s obituaries summed up his cataloguing activities as follows: “The work of cataloguing thoroughly suited Head. He had unlimited patience, an excellent talent for comparison, a sense of style in art, and a great love of historic research” (Num. Chron. 1914: 250). That last quality, the love of historical research and the perspicacity to see how great could be the contribution of numismatics to our understanding of the ancient world, was applied also in another of Head’s activities: his series of studies of individual mints. I illustrate the point with a few remarks about his study of one mint, that of Syracuse. His History of the Coinage of

BARCL AY VINCENT HE AD (18 4 4 –1914)

Syracuse was published in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1874, was quickly turned into a book, and the book equally quickly sold out. The nature of its contribution was immediately recognized, not only in Britain but also abroad: the French Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres awarded it its Prix de Numismatique. So what did Head do with Syracuse? His fundamental contribution was to treat the whole of the coinage of Syracuse from a historical point of view, dividing the coinage of the city into fifteen periods based on a few landmarks of securely dated coins, and assigning to each period the coins of all metals, gold, silver and bronze, whenever internal evidence or analogy allowed it. For the first time the Syracusan series was thus arranged in chronological sequence and treated as a whole from a historical point of view; the coins were now historical documents. And last but by no means least, the woodcuts that had hitherto been employed to illustrate numismatic books were abandoned, and for the first time a numismatic book was illustrated with fourteen plates by the then new autotype method, a version of the collotype process of photomechanical printing, with which it is sometimes equated. In this process, a colloid, for example, gelatine, was spread on a glass plate, the negative juxtaposed to it, and light then applied. The print was made off the gelatine sheet.6 This technical innovation, enabling the provision of clear and accurate illustrations of the coins, revolutionised their study. Head’s Syracuse received rave reviews when it was first published, and the passage of time has not lessened its significance. Yet one puzzling feature of its methodology is its neglect of hoard evidence for helping to establish the dating of the successive phases of the coinage. Already in the eighteenth century, studies by Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer and by Joseph Pellerin had set high standards of hoard publication, and both men had worked with Greek coins.7 Their work was not equalled until well into the nineteenth century, but it was the Roman series, rather than the Greek, that witnessed the greatest advances in the study of hoards, and in particular their application to the problems of dating a coinage. Mommsen’s Geschichte des römischen Münzwesens (1860) has been characterized as “epoch-making” in its employment of hoard evidence, among other things to arrange the different issues of Roman republican coinage in chronological order.8 The book was published a year or two before Head was embarking on his own career as a numismatist, but its lessons appear to have had no immediate impact on the methodologies he applied to the study of Greek coins.

I am grateful to Brooks Levy for technical information about the autotype process.

7 P.

Kinns, “Two eighteenth-century studies of Greek coin hoards: Bayer and Pellerin”, in M. H. Crawford et al. (eds.), Medals and Coins from Bude to Mommsen (London, 1990), pp. 101–14.

8 M.

H. Crawford, op. cit. in previous note, p. 131.

N. KEITH RUT TER

Head repeated his success with Syracuse in two further monographs, on the coinages of Ephesus (1880) and Boeotia (1881), and at this point we can return for a moment to the business of cataloguing. I remarked earlier how ideas about the nature of the information to be included in a catalogue can change as a project develops, and I referred to some of the reasons for such changes. This is the moment to introduce another aspect of cataloguing: its relationship to other scholarship and research in the field. In particular, I draw attention to an important feature of Head’s own method of work: the way in which a specialist study of a particular field preceded the relevant Catalogue. Head’s contribution on Syracuse to BMC Sicily (1876) was preceded by his 1874 study of Syracuse; studies of the coinage of Boeotia (1881) and of Ephesus (1880, 1881) preceded BMC Central Greece and BMC Ionia respectively. (For the method we can compare, later, E. S. G. Robinson’s preliminary study, “Quaestiones Cyrenaicae” in Num. Chron. 1915 and his BMC Cyrenaica volume of 1927.) In other words, specialist studies and cataloguing here go hand in hand. A reviewer of BMC Caria commented (1897) on the fact that Head “not only does not confine his introductory remarks to data furnished by the Museum collection, but also adds a supplementary plate representing coins not included in that series.” He continues, interestingly, “The volume, therefore, comprises a fairly exhaustive treatment of the whole subject as at present known to numismatists, and transcends considerably the limitations of a special catalogue.” We return here to the question raised earlier: What sort of beast is a special catalogue? What or who is it for? What are its limitations and how might they be overcome? The third and final element in our brief survey of Head’s work is his Historia Numorum (first ed., 1887; second ed., 1911). Another major work, another major advance in the field, and another source of international recognition: in 1887, the University of Heidelberg gave Head an honorary Doctorate of Philosophy. (He had to wait until 1905, the year before his retirement from the BM, for an honorary Doctorate of Letters from Oxford. He received it at the same ceremony as Basil Gildersleeve, Professor of Greek at Johns Hopkins). The aim of Historia Numorum, in Head’s own words, was “to produce a practical handbook in a single portable volume containing in a condensed form a sketch of the numismatic history of nearly every city, king, or dynast, known to have struck coins throughout the length and breadth of the ancient world”.9 From the time of its first publication this work was recognised as a monument of scholarship, a κτῆμα ἐς αἰεί, as one reviewer wrote. Its prominent feature was the arrangement of the various series of coins in chronological order, and it compressed an enormous amount of information into one volume. Reviewers at the time remarked on the personal qualities that had enabled Head to undertake such a work and carry it through to completion: 9 HN2 ,

p. xix.

BARCL AY VINCENT HE AD (18 4 4 –1914)

one referred to “a really inspiring instance of literary patience and courage”. Apart from such references to qualities of a personal nature, there is also present in the reviews an element which appears quite frequently in assessments of scholarly activity at the time: a rivalry with institutions on the continent. One reviewer begins thus: “The one department of learning in which English scholars are unquestionably in advance of their German rivals is the study of numismatics.” Another comments that “this book deserves as few do the German epithet of epoch-making in respect of the science with which it is concerned”. Rivalry or cooperation? How did the practitioners as opposed to the commentators see things? There is more work to be done on this aspect of Head’s international work and reputation. I referred above to Head’s concern to arrange the various series of coins in chronological order, but his methodology in Historia Numorum, in particular his reliance on style, has not advanced from that employed in his earlier work discussed above. The basic structure of Head’s “chronological classification of coins by style” is one of rise, acme and decline.10 The origins of such a structure derive both from general intellectual movements of the time and from developments specific to the study of ancient art and coinage. It has been suggested, for example, that “the whole structure owes much to contemporary patterns of thought, which were strongly influenced by the theories of Darwin, with their emphasis on evolution and the biological cycle”.11 But nearer to home, in terms of the study of Greek and Roman art, the Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums (1764) of Johann Joachim Winckelmann had much earlier set out a division of ancient art into four periods, the first defined as archaic, the middle two covering the fifth and the fourth centuries, and the final one covering the decline of the arts under Roman rule. In numismatics, Joseph Eckhel’s Doctrina numorum veterum, published in Vienna during the 1790s, adopted a geographical arrangement for Greek coins, beginning in the western Mediterranean and working east, but within that scheme it created five periods (epochae) based on a number of criteria (for example, metal, inscription, letter forms, fabric and style). Thus Eckhel tried to bring out the historical significance of the coins he was working with. Head and his colleagues adopted and adapted the schemes of their predecessors as they worked on their own catalogues. Andrew Burnett has traced how the classification evolved from its appearances in the earliest volumes of the British Museum Catalogues to its fullest articulation in Historia Numorum.12 10 HN2 , 11 O. 12

pp. lxi–lxiv.

Mørkhom, Nordisk Numismatisk Arsskrift, 1982, p. 10.

In a paper, “The study of coins in Britain and the British Museum during the nineteenth century”, given in May 2003 to a conference held at the University of Frankfurt-am-Main on the theme “Theodor Mommsen 1817–1903. Numismatik oder Geldgeschichte?”.

N. KEITH RUT TER

I Period of Archaic Art (700–480 B.C.) II Period of Transitional Art (480–415 B.C.) III Period of Finest Art (415–336 B.C.) IV Period of Later Fine Art (336–280 B.C.) V Period of the Decline of Art (280–146 B.C.) VI Period of Continued Decline in Art (146–27 B.C.) VII

Imperial Period. Augustus to Gallienus (27 B.C.–A.D. 268)

In this structure the division into periods relies on dates in political history, though Head has preferred to separate his periods II and III in 415 rather than 404. That is probably because the fine decadrachms of Kimon and Euainetos were at that time dated to 413/412, and he wanted them to be included in his “Period of Finest Art”. A further oddity, noted by Andrew Burnett in the paper referred to above, is Head’s very designation of that Period III (the fourth century) as the “Period of Finest Art”. This in spite of his working daily cheek by jowl with the Parthenon marbles. It is said of Barclay Head that he was “one of the rare and happy men who seem to have been born to do a particular piece of work in the world, and to do it admirably” (Num. Chron. 1914, 249). I conclude with what I believe to be a complete bibliography of this unassuming scholar who contributed so much to the development of Greek numismatics as an integral part of the study of the ancient world.

BARCL AY VINCENT HE AD (18 4 4 –1914)

Bibliography (NC = Numismatic Chronicle; BMC = British Museum Catalogue) “An account of the hoard of Anglo-Saxon coins found at Chancton Farm, Sussex”. NC 1867, pp. 63–126. “Anglo-Saxon coins with runic legends”. NC 1868, pp. 75–90. “Notes on llion, numismatic and historical”. NC 1868, pp. 321–38. Translation of Ernst Curtius, “On the religious character of Greek coins”. NC 1870, pp. 91–111. “On some rare Greek coins recently acquired by the British Museum”. NC 1871, pp. 166–68. British Museum: Guide to the Select Greek Coins exhibited in Electrotype in the Gold Ornament Room. London, 1872. BMC Italy (with R. S. Poole and P. Gardner). London, 1873. “The Greek autonomous coins from the Cabinet of the late Mr. Edward Wigan, now in the British Museum”. Part I, NC 1873, pp. 89-124; Part II, ibid. pp. 309–34. History of the Coinage of the Syracuse. London 1874 (first appearing as “On the chronological sequence of the coins of Syracuse”, NC 1874, pp. 1–80). “Metrological notes on the ancient electrum coins struck between the Lelantian wars and the accession of Darius”. NC 1875, pp. 245–97. BMC Sicily (with R. S. Poole and P. Gardner). London, 1876. “On a recent find of staters of Cyzicus etc.”, NC 1876, pp. 277–98. BMC Thrace (with P. Gardner). London, 1877. “The coinage of Lydia and Persia”. International Numismata Orienialia, Part Ill, 1877. “A note on magistrates’ names on autonomous and imperial coins of Byzantium”. NC 1877, p. 167. “Additional notes on the recent find of staters of Cyzicus and Lampsacus”. NC 1877, pp. 169–76.

N. KEITH RUT TER

“On an unpublished archaic tetradrachm of Olynthus”. NC 1878, pp. 85–89. “On Himyarite and other Arabian imitations of coins of Athens”. NC 1878, pp. 273–84. BMC Macedonia. London, 1879. “Note on a find of Sicilian copper coins struck about the year B.C. 344”. NC 1879, pp. 217–19. “Origin and transmission of some of the principal ancient systems of weight”. Journal of the Institute of Bankers, 1879. British Museum: Guide to the Select Greek and Raman Coins Exhibited in Electrotype. New edition, London, 1880. “A Himyaritic tetradrachm and the Trésor de San’â”. NC 1880, pp. 303–10. “On the chronological sequence of the coins of Ephesus”. NC 1880, pp. 85–169. “Coinage of Ephesus – addenda et corrigenda”. NC 1881, pp. 13–23. “On the chronological sequence of the coins of Boeotia”. NC 1881, pp. 177–275. British Museum: A Guide to the Principal Coins of the Greeks from circ. 700 B.C. to A.D. 270. 2nd ed., London 1881. “The coins of ancient Spain”. NC 1882, pp. 183–94. “Coinage of Alexander the Great: an explanation”. NC 1883, pp. 18–19. “Remarks on two unique coins of Aetna and Zancle”. NC 1883, pp. 171–76. BMC Central Greece. London, 1884. “Greek and Roman coins”. Contribution to L. Jewitt, English Coins and Tokens, 1886. “Coins discovered on the site of Naukratis”. NC 1886, pp. 1–18 (reprint, with introductory remarks, of “The coins found at Naukratis”, in W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis). Historia Numornm. A Manual of Greek Numismatics. Oxford, 1887. “Electrum coins and their specific gravity”. NC 1887, pp. 277–308.

BARCL AY VINCENT HE AD (18 4 4 –1914)

BMC Attica, Megaris, Aegina. London, 1888. “Germanicopolis and Philadelphia in Cilicia”. NC 1888, pp. 300–307. BMC Corinth and her Colonies. London, 1889. “Apollo Hikesios”. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 9 (1889). «Notanda et corrigenda. I. N or M on Athenian coins. II. Two misread coins of Ephesus. III. Philadelphia Lydiae. IV. Lydian gold coinage”. NC 1889, pp. 229–41. “Archaic coins probably of Cyrene”. NC 1891, pp. 1–11. BMC Ionia. London, 1892. “Coins recently attributed to Eretria”. NC 1893, pp. 158–65. “The initial coinage of Athens”. NC 1893, pp. 247–54. BMC Caria. London, 1897. Ἱστορία τῶν Νομισμάτων ἤτοι Ἐγχειρίδιον Ἐλληνικής Νομισματικῆς μεταφρασϑὲν … καὶ συμπληρωϑὲν ὑπὸ Ἰωάννου Ν. Σβορώνου. Athens, 1898. British Museum: Guide to the Department of Coins and Medals in the British Museum (assisted by H. A. Grueber, W. Wroth, and E. J. Rapson). London, 1901. BMC Lydia. London, 1902. BMC Phrygia. London, 1906. “The earliest Graeco-Bactrian and Graeco-Indian coins”. NC 1906, pp. 1–16. “Ephesian tesserae”. NC 1908, pp. 281–6. “Coins discovered in the British Museum excavations at Ephesus”. In D. G. Hogarth, Excavations at Ephesus – The Archaic Artemisia, London, 1908. Historia Numorum. 2nd ed., Oxford, 1911 (assisted by G. F. Hill, G. Macdonald and W. Wroth).

38 LES GRANDS NUMISMATES Bernd Kluge Hermann Dannenberg (1824–1905) Sammler und Gelehrter Seit 1876 gibt es in der Numismatik ein Synonym für das Münzwesen Deutschlands im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert. Es lautet: „Dannenberg-Zeit“. In jenem Jahr erschien in der Weidmannschen Verlagsbuchhandlung in Berlin ein dickleibiges, Text- und Tafelband umfassendes Werk, betitelt: Die deutschen Münzen der sächsischen und fränkischen Kaiserzeit. Herausgegeben von Hermann Dannenberg. Bis 1905 folgten drei weitere Bände. Auf über tausend Seiten und 121 Tafeln sind 2.186 deutsche Münztypen von etwa 900 bis um 1125 nicht nur beschrieben und abgebildet, sondern erstmals auch historisch-kritisch nach Raum und Zeit systematisch geordnet. Der Verfasser dieses als „Dbg.“ heute noch meistzitierten Standardwerkes deutscher Mittelalternumismatik, Hermann Friedrich Emil Dannenberg, wurde am 4. Juli 1824 als Sohn eines Kaufmannes in Berlin geboren. Er schlug die juristische Laufbahn ein, war seit 1859 Richter am Berliner Stadtgericht, wurde 1863 Stadtgerichtsrat und wirkte zuletzt von 1879 bis zu seiner Pensionierung 1889 als Landgerichtsrat an der Zivilkammer des Landgerichts I in Berlin. Er starb kurz vor Vollendung seines 81. Lebensjahres in der Nacht vom 14. zum 15. Juni 1905 in Bad Salzbrunn (Schlesien), wo er zur Kur weilte. Dannenbergs Leben ist in gutbürgerlichen Verhältnissen äußerlich ereignislos verlaufen. Sein Name wäre heute vergessen, wenn ihn nicht eine ganz ungewöhnliche Leidenschaft für alte Münzen beseelt hätte. Das Wort Leidenschaft ist hier sicher nicht zu hoch gegriffen, denn das Münzsammeln war für ihn kein mit bürgerlichem Behagen gepflegtes Steckenpferd, keine Beschäftigung für Mußestunden oder Entspannungsübung nach der Berufsarbeit. Es stand für ihn im Zentrum seines Lebens, dafür hat er auf Karriere verzichtet, die berufliche Inanspruchnahme auf das Pflichtmaß beschränkt und alle freie Zeit den Münzen zugewandt. „Als Sammler bin ich auf die Welt gekommen und das im Alter von 14 Jahren entflammte Feuer des Münzsammelns hat mein langes Leben hindurch heftig gebrannt“ bekannte Dannenberg von sich selbst. Als neunzehnjähriger Student gehörte er 1843 zu den Gründungsmitgliedern der Berliner Numismatischen Gesellschaft, 1893 erlebte er als einziger aus diesem Kreis das 50jährige Jubiläum der Gesellschaft, deren Vorsitzender er seit 1878 war und die ihn anlässlich des Jubiläums zu ihrem Ehrenvorsitzenden machte. Dannenbergs wissenschaftliche Leistung ist aus seiner Sammeltätigkeit erwachsen, in seiner Persönlichkeit sind Sammelleidenschaft und Forscherdrang in besonders enger Weise verzahnt. War ihm zunächst das eigene Sammelgebiet der Antrieb für literarische Produktion, so ist das

Hermann Dannenberg (1824 –1905)

Medaille auf Hermann Dannenberg von A. M. Wolff, 1905. Bronze geprägt, 60 mm. Münzkabinett Berlin, Objektnr. 18242683

nichts Ungewöhnliches zu seiner Zeit, da fast alle bedeutenderen Sammler mehr oder weniger auch schriftstellerten und die Kabinettsnumismatik demgegenüber noch stark zurücktrat. Allerdings steht sein Werk nach Umfang und Bedeutung (da er mit einer ganz ungewöhnlichen Produktivität und über fast 60 Jahre hinweg ungebrochen publizierte) weit über den Leistungen der Sammlergeneration der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, wie er denn auch nach Persönlichkeit und Leistung zum Typ des Sammler-Gelehrten gerechnet werden muss, wie ihn zu seiner Zeit etwa der Schweizer Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer (1838–1920) für die antike und Hermann Grote (1802–1895) in Hannover für die mittelalterliche Numismatik repräsentierten. Hermann Dannenberg hat in größerem Umfang antike, namentlich griechische Münzen, Gepräge des Mittelalters sowie Münzen und Medaillen des 15. bis 17. Jahrhunderts gesammelt. Auch wenn er die deutschen Denare des 10./11. Jahrhunderts ganz besonders bevorzugte, so vermochten ihn doch eigentlich alle Münzen zu fesseln, nur gegenüber den modernen verhielt er sich ablehnend. Von der Vielfalt seiner Interessen, seinen universellen Kenntnissen und seiner an kostbaren Stücken reichen Sammlungen geben die Verhandlungen der Berliner Numismatischen Gesellschaft beredtes

Bernd Kluge

Zeugnis. Neben seinem eigentlichen Gebiet, dem Mittelalter, hat er häufig auch Themen der antiken und neuzeitlichen Numismatik oder der Medaillenkunde behandelt. Mit Umsicht und Fleiß, Glück und Geschick, aber natürlich auch unter Aufwendung beträchtlicher Mittel, konnte er zu seiner Zeit, da das Sammeln noch leicht war, öffentliche wie private Konkurrenz ihn wenig störten und reiche Funde unaufhörlich neues Material zu Tage förderten, eine ganz einmalige, unwiederholbare Sammlung deutscher Mittelaltermünzen zusammentragen. Sie ist, seinem Wunsch gemäß, im Wesentlichen ungeschmälert in den Besitz des Münzkabinetts Berlin übergegangen und stellt ein wissenschaftlich ebenso bedeutendes Vermächtnis dar wie seine zahlreichen Schriften. Hermann Dannenberg hat zeit seines Lebens in engem Kontakt zum Münzkabinett der damaligen Königlichen Museen zu Berlin gestanden. Schon als Schüler hat er dort Belehrung gesucht und ist besonders von dem seit 1840 im Kabinett wirkenden Julius Friedländer (1830–1884) gefördert worden. Zwischen Friedländers Nachfolger Alfred von Sallet (1842–1897, seit 1870 im Münzkabinett, seit 1884 Direktor) und Dannenberg entwickelte sich eine echte persönliche Freundschaft. Dazu mag trotz eines erheblichen Altersunterschiedes (Dannenberg war 18 Jahre älter als von Sallet) beigetragen haben, dass auch von Sallet, feinsinniger Ästhet und musisch begabter Gelehrter, eine leidenschaftliche Sammlernatur war, während andererseits sich Dannenberg zu dieser Zeit bereits einen wissenschaftlichen Namen gemacht hatte. Beide verband zudem die von Sallet 1874 begründete Zeitschrift für Numismatik, zu deren engsten Mitarbeitern und nach Sallets Tod 1897 auch zu den Herausgebern Dannenberg zählte. Von 1878 bis 1905 gehörte Dannenberg zur Sachverständigenkommission der Königlichen Museen für das Münzkabinett, die zu allen wichtigen Ankäufen ihr Urteil abgeben musste. Er hat in dieser Funktion zum großen Aufschwung des Kabinetts beigetragen, an dem er durch den Verkauf seiner Münzsammlungen ganz direkt beteiligt war. Nachdem bereits seit 1842 einzelne Geschäfte zustande gekommen waren, verkaufte Dannenberg dem Kabinett 1860 seine Sammlung von 1.236 griechischen Münzen, die eine für die damalige Zeit bedeutende Erwerbung darstellte. Von noch größerer Bedeutung waren seine Mittelaltersammlungen, von denen die erste 1870 und die zweite 1892 erworben wurde. Die erste Sammlung umfasste 3.077 Stück und wurde für 4.000 Taler gekauft. Umfangreicher und inhaltlich noch wertvoller war die 1892 erworbene zweite Sammlung, die neben den Mittelaltermünzen auch eine erlesene Serie hohenzollernscher Münzen aller Linien und eine Reihe sehr seltener Taler und Medaillen des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts enthielt. Hohes Alter, zunehmende Kränklichkeit und die Sorge, die Ergebnisse einer fünfzigjährigen erfolgreichen, aber auch opfervollen Sammeltätigkeit der Wissenschaft zu erhalten, bestimmten Dannenbergs Entschluss, diese Sammlung von etwa

Hermann Dannenberg (1824 –1905)

5000 Stücken 1892 dem Münzkabinett Berlin anzubieten. Seine persönliche Freundschaft mit Alfred von Sallet hat dazu ebenso beigetragen wie seine jahrzehntelange Verbundenheit mit dem Kabinett. Jede Art von Gewinnstreben lag ihm dabei fern, und der geforderte Preis von 66.000 Mark muss, trotz der hohen Summe, als großes Entgegenkommen Dannenbergs gelten. Alfred von Sallets Urteil von der „großartigsten, herrlichsten Sammlung deutscher Mittelaltermünzen, welche je existiert“ bestand und besteht zu Recht. Nie wieder hat es eine solche Sammlung in Privathand gegeben. Dannenbergs literarisches Œuvre würde jedem professionellen Numismatiker zur Ehre gereichen. Die häufiger beklagte Kränklichkeit merkt man ihm ebenso wenig an wie die bis 1889 gewiss nicht zu unterschätzende berufliche Inanspruchnahme. Mit eisernem Fleiß war er bis in sein hohes Alter, ja buchstäblich bis zu seinem Tode unermüdlich tätig. Seine letzten Arbeiten erschienen erst postum. Sichern ihm in erster Linie seine Monographien, das monumentale Werk über die Münzen der sächsisch-fränkischen Kaiserzeit und seine pommersche Münzgeschichte bleibenden Ruhm, so sind eine ganze Reihe von in Aufsätzen niedergelegten Studien von kaum geringerem Wert. Zwei von ihm besonders virtuos gehandhabte Gattungen numismatischer Literatur verdienen dabei hervorgehoben zu werden: die Veröffentlichung und richtige Bestimmung unbekannter oder verkannter Gepräge und die Münzfundbearbeitungen. Welcher Numismatiker hat in seinem Leben allein 75 Münzfunde, noch dazu meist mittelalterliche, untersucht und publiziert! Viele Funde wären ohne Dannenbergs Eingreifen spurlos in der Schmelze verschwunden. In einer Zeit, da der Wert eines Fundes nach der Anzahl der in ihm enthaltenen Seltenheiten bemessen wurde, hat er als einer der ersten die Bedeutung des Gesamtfundes für die räumliche und zeitliche Einordnung seiner Einzelmünzen erkannt. Die sammlerische Orientierung, der das biblische cuius sit imago et superscriptio einer Münze im Mittelpunkt stand, erweist sich letztlich als seine große Stärke. Von allen geldgeschichtlichen Erörterungen hat er sich bewusst ferngehalten. Als Geld hat ihn die Münze kaum interessiert; für ihn war sie in erster Linie archäologisches Denkmal, das es nach Zeit und Ort seiner Entstehung richtig einzuordnen galt. Hier konnten sich seine Talente voll entfalten: ein als unfehlbar gerühmtes Gedächtnis, das jede irgendwo einmal gesehene Münze zu speichern wusste, ein vorsichtig-kritisches Abwägen der Argumente (was ihm wohl nicht zum wenigsten sein Beruf als Richter zur zweiten Natur gemacht hat) und ein besonderes Gefühl für Stil und Mache einer Münze, eine angeborene Begabung, an Tausenden von Münzen zur Reife gebracht. Nicht zuletzt ist auf die für einen Numismatiker des 19. Jahrhunderts unschätzbare zeichnerische Begabung hinzuweisen, die eine Münze so individuell wiederzugeben wusste, dass man die ihm als Vorlage dienenden Stücke heute noch exakt unter ihren Artgenossen verifizieren kann. Sämtliche gezeichneten Abbildungen in seinen Fundbeschreibungen und seinen Monographien sind von

Bernd Kluge

ihm selbst gefertigt. Die darin investierte Zeit und Mühe vermag man im Zeitalter der Fotografie nur noch zu erahnen! Hermann Dannenberg, gleichermaßen gelehrter Sammler wie sammelnder Gelehrter, hat aus Neigung, nicht aus Profession, Fundamente deutscher Numismatik gelegt.

Der Beitrag ist eine verkürzte Fassung der Einleitung der vom Verf. herausgegebenen Schriftenauswahl von Hermann Dannenberg: Studien zur Münzkunde des Mittelalters (1848–1905), Leipzig 1984. Dort auch alle Belege und die Bibliographie der Werke Hermann Dannenbergs.

43 COLLECTIONNEURS CÉLÈBRES Gloria Mora Rafael Cervera y Royo (1828–1903)

Fig. 1. Portrait of Rafael Cervera at the Royal Academy of Medicine (Madrid)

Rafael Cervera was a Spanish physician and politician who in the second half of the nineteenth century assembled one of the most important collections of ancient and Visigothic coins of Spain. This collection was acquired by the American millionaire and Hispanist Archer M. Huntington, who in

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1904 donated it along with the rest of his collections (library, painting and sculpture, works of art and archaeological objects) to the institution, which he had founded in New York, The Hispanic Society of America. The following text summarizes a broader investigation that will appear soon in the definitive study of the Cervera Collection by M.P. García-Bellido and W. E. Metcalf, La moneda antigua de Hispania en la colección Cervera (Madrid, CSIC-Polifemo, 2014). Rafael Cervera y Royo was born in Valencia on October 24, 1828 and died in Barcelona on February 7, 1903. Between 1843 and 1850 he studied Medicine and Surgery at the University of Valencia. He then moved to Paris to specialize in ophthalmology and ophthalmic surgery. He was an assistant in the clinics of Jules Sichel and Louis-Auguste Desmarres, the first specialists in this field in France. In January 1854 he received his doctorate at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Madrid with a thesis entitled Origin, evolution and state of medicine (published in 1856). On his return to Spain, Cervera established himself in Madrid to practice his profession with dedication and remarkable success as surgeon and ophthalmologist. Historians of Medicine consider him one of the founders of this specialty in Spain. In 1863 he entered the Royal Academy of Medicine, and between 1877 and 1893 he directed the Ophthalmic Institute founded in 1872 (Fig. 1). Ophthalmology was then a new specialty in Spain and its practitioners tended to achieve great social prestige and high economic level, as reflected in the literature of the time (for instance in some novels of Benito Pérez Galdós). Cervera certainly earned enough income to be able to afford a collection of such quality as noted by Antonio Vives y Escudero in the prologue of La Moneda Hispánica (Madrid, 1926). In addition to the practice of ophthalmology, Cervera was devoted to politics after the overthrow of Queen Isabel II in 1868, as a member of the Federal Republican Party. Until the mid- 1890s he held various positions: Madrid city councilor, congressman and senator from the provinces of Murcia and the Balearic Islands and from the Royal Academy of Medicine. During these mandates he was actively involved in the debates for the defense of academic freedom, education and awareness. He became vice president of the Chamber elected in the Constituent Assembly in 1873–1874 and member of the commission responsible for drafting the Federal Constitution, which was signed on July 17, 1873. In 1891 he was one of the founders of the Republican Center Party (“Partido Centralista”), which promulgated the establishment of the Federal Republic in Spain, universal suffrage and the Iberian Union of Spain, Portugal and Gibraltar.

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Fig. 2. Drachma from Emporion. Early third century BC

Cervera also belonged to the most important cultural institutions related to the “regeneracionista” program in the last third of the nineteenth century. As many doctors and professionals, patrons and collectors of the time, he was a member of the Scientific and Literary Ateneo of Madrid (Ateneo Científico y Literario), the Spanish Anthropological Society (Sociedad Antropológica Española) and the Free Institution of Education (Institución Libre de Enseñanza). These societies defended freedom of thought and independence from the state, church and political parties, and were a mixture of various social forces (university professors, writers, professionals, bankers, politicians and Army officers) united by their liberal ideology. In 1901, already very ill, Cervera moved his residence to Barcelona, where he died on February 7, 1903, at the age of 74. He had make a will in Madrid on March 9, 1898 before the notary Joaquín Costa Martínez, one of his friends and one of the most important personalities of the regeneracionista movement at the end of the century. This will sheds light on his magnificent collections of paintings and coins, and on his friendships with two main characters in these fields: the painter Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida and the numismatist and archaeologist Antonio Vives y Escudero, whom he appointed as advisers to his heir, his sister Carmen, in case she decided to sell the collections. Except for two pictures located at the National Museum of Fine Arts in Havana, Cuba (one of them a portrait of Cervera by Sorolla), we know nothing of this art collection but we suppose that it must have been of high quality judging from those of other collectors from the same intellectual and social standing. With respect to numismatics, Cervera belonged to the large group of independent professionals who in the second half of the nineteenth century formed important collections of coins: doctors and pharmacists, men of

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Fig. 3. Denarius from i.ka.l.e.n.s.ke.n. Mid-second century BC

law, brokers, businessmen, bankers and traders, army officers, many of them were also important politicians. They acquired coins through consolidated exchange networks between amateurs and professionals, belonged to scientific associations such as Numismatic Centers in Madrid, Barcelona and Seville, and attended auctions that were scheduled in the working environment of the art and antiquities trade in Paris, Rome, Milan, Berlin, London and New York. They also read the catalogs written by numismatists and prestigious magazines like the Bulletins of Numismatics published by Valentín Gil in Madrid and by Alejandro Cerdá in Valencia, or the Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History and the Memorial Numismático Español de Álvaro Campaner. According to contemporary sources, in Spain in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries there were about 500 numismatic collections of individuals, dealers and institutions, of which only thirty had important specimens that were used by the great numismatists of the time to write their works, such as Antonio Delgado, Arthur Engel, Celestino Pujol and Camps, Alois Heiss, Manuel Rodríguez de Berlanga, Jacobo Zobel de Zangróniz, Antonio Vives or Pío Beltrán Villagrasa. Thus, the aforementioned Vives’s La Moneda Hispánica (written between 1894 and 1920) is an essential reference for the composition and formation mechanisms of these collections and their owners, thanks to the comments that illustrate the specimens selected for their uniqueness, good state of conservation or beauty (Fig. 2). In addition to the collection from the National Archaeological Museum (founded in 1867 with the royal collections) and the Instituto Valencia de Don Juan (founded in 1916 from the private collections of Guillermo de Osma, Earl consort of Valencia de Don Juan), Vives studied the most important private collections of the time. The first one, because it contained some very rare coins, is that of Rafael Cervera, also the collections of

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Fig. 4. Drachma from a.r.s.e. Second century BC

Mariano Roca de Togores y Carrasco, first Marquis de Molins (1817–1889), politician and member of the Royal Academy of History, Manuel Vidal Quadras y Ramón (1818–1894), a wealthy banker of Barcelona, José Salamanca y Mayol, Marquis of Salamanca (1811–1883), the banker and Maecenas Pablo Bosch y Barrau (1862–1915), who bequeathed his collection of coins, medals and painting to the Prado Museum, the dealer Eduardo Sánchez Fernández de la Cotera, of Seville, and Ramón Siscar y Montoliu (1830–1889), philologist and corresponding member of the Academy of History in Barcelona. From the comments of Vives and of other numismatists, we can consider Rafael Cervera as a model collector of the second half of the nineteenth century: he was a liberal prestigious professional with political ambitions and a big income spending his free time and resources to collect works of art and coins, whose collection was the basis for the first studies of numismatics in Spain. Probably he started to buy coins during his stay in Paris as it was traditionally a very popular hobby among medical professionals in France. We know that he continued to add to his collection until the end of his life, as shown by the acquisition of coins from the Treasure called La Capilla, a group of Visigothic coins discovered on August 21, 1891 near Carmona (Seville). Arthur Engel wrote in a letter to Jorge Bonsor, dated in Seville January 13, 1900: “J’ai vu le Colonel Vidaurre, qui a malhereusem*nt vendu au Dr. Cervera, de Madrid, le petit lot de monnaies qu’il avait”. Thanks largely to these coins purchased by Cervera, George C. Miles, Chief Curator of The American Numismatic Society, could claim that his institution had the best collection of Visigothic coins in the world. According to Vives, Cervera bought entire collections through the dealer Valentín Gil y García in Madrid: the Francisco Otín y Duaso and the Celestino Pujol y Camps’s collections, which was the “crowning”

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Fig. 5. As from Caesaraugusta. Tiberius (AD 14–37)

because it contained only “Roman Iberian coins”, and a selection of the famous collection of José Mª de Vera in Seville. Also he was able to acquire the collection of Joaquín Pujol y Santo (the Celestino Pujol’s father), Antonio Filpo y Silva, priest of Seville and then of Granada, and Miguel Tenorio de Castilla, Andalusian politician and writer who was private secretary of Isabel II. In addition he acquired coins during his travels through Spain and Europe, some of them motivated by his political and professional activities. So he was able to form an important collection of about 2000 ancient (Greek, Carthaginian, Roman and Iberian) and Visigothic coins of Spain, including exceptional specimens like the coin of Iudila from Emerita, that belonged to general Chinchilla, or the i.ka.l.e.n.s.ke.n denarius with a southern Iberian legend, purchased from Alejandro Rivadeneira (nº 779 in the García-Bellido and Metcalf Catalogue) (Fig. 3). Cervera’s preference for collecting certain series of Hispanic coins – Greek and Roman coins minted in the Peninsula, Hispano-Carthaginian, autochthonous and Visigothic issues – was not just due to random taste, but reflected the intellectual concerns of the institutions involved in the scientific and social regeneration of Spain, to which he belonged, especially an interest in documenting material culture and in the writings of the ancient inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula, in order to protect the national heritage. Indeed, while the collections of the early nineteenth century consisted mainly of Roman coins, those of the second half of the century focused on native coinages: Iberian, Celtiberian, Visigothic and Islamic. In this regard, and in line with his federalist and paniberista ideology, Cervera’s collection reflects the concerns of the time for the history of the ancient peoples of the Peninsula and the search for the roots of Spain in the pre-Roman and the Visigoth world, subjects that also appear in contemporary historiography (Fig. 4). This interest that can also be detected in France and Germany,

R afael Cervera y Royo (1828 –1903)

may be related to the rise of studies of the pre-Roman peoples from their coinages that were introduced in Spain by direct and indirect disciples of Theodor Mommsen like Emil Hübner, Manuel Rodríguez de Berlanga and Jacobo Zobel de Zangróniz. A year before he died, Cervera sold his collection in Paris to the American collector and benefactor Archer M. Huntington, as the buyer reported to his friend and fellow in the excavations in Italica, Jorge Bonsor, in a letter dated March 8, 1902: “Possibly you have heard that I purchased the collection of Cervera and Codera coins in Paris”. As M.P. García-Bellido thought by comparison with what happened to Vives’s collection of ancient bronzes, the sale must have been made through Vives himself, friend and informer of Huntington in the business of buying and selling Spanish antiquities, and Cervera’s friend and adviser according to the aforementioned will. Perhaps in this case the intermediary was the same antiquarian who facilitated the sale of Vives’s bronzes, J. G. Meunier, or perhaps Étienne Bourgey, both reputable dealers. The transaction was announced with a simple note in the Bulletin International de Numismatique in 1902. Archer M. Huntington (1870–1955), adopted son of the American railroad magnate and collector Collis P. Huntington, dedicated his life to the study of Hispanic culture and to forming an impressive collection of paintings, sculptures, books and manuscripts, coins and artistic and archaeological artifacts, all of Spanish origin (Fig. 5). That interest earned him awards from the Spanish Royal Family and nominations to the Royal Academies of Language, Fine Arts and History. To house his collections and library he founded The Hispanic Society of America in 1904. The Huntington Collection of coins consisted of 37. 895 coins of very high quality that represented all coinages struck in the Iberian Peninsula and the Spanish possessions overseas from the time of the Greek colonization to the independence of the Latin American republics in the nineteenth century. In 1904 Huntington donated the collection to the Hispanic Society, between 1946 and 1948 he decided to transfer it on loan to The American Numismatic Society, an institution, which he sponsored and of which he was president from1910 until his death in 1955, when a second lot of 8.000 coins was added. On December 15, 2011 The Hispanic Society of America decided to sell in an auction sealed bid, through Sotheby’s New York, this collection, unique in the world that it had kept intact for over a century and it is now dispersed. Thus the vast collection assembled by Archer M. Huntington is lost and with it that of Rafael Cervera, one of the best and most complete ever assembled in the second half of the nineteenth century in Spain and in the world.

HISTOIRE DES COLLECTIONS NUMISMATIQUES ET DES INSTITUTIONS VOUÉES À LA NUMISMATIQUE Michael Matzke Das Münzkabinett des Historischen Museums Basel Das Historische Museum Basel gehört zu den ältesten öffentlichen Sammlungen und verfügt über eine ungebrochene Tradition bis zurück ins 16. Jahrhundert. Auch wenn der erste Basler Museumsbau erst im Jahr 1849 eröffnet und das Historische Museum selbst erst im Jahr 1892 gegründet wurde, so gehen die Bestände der großen staatlichen Museen in Basel alle auf die alten Sammlungen zurück. Deren Keimzelle ist das sogenannte AmerbachKabinett, das in den 1580er Jahren erstmals umfassend inventarisiert wurde, 1661 von der Stadt für die Universität erworben und 1671 erstmals öffentlich zugänglich gemacht wurde. Von Beginn an hatten Münzen und Medaillen eine zentrale Stellung innerhalb der Sammlungen, Kunst- und Raritätenkabinette, die von der Stadt im Laufe der Zeit erworben wurden. Die Geschichte der öffentlichen Sammlungen in Basel ist somit auch eine Geschichte der Sammlungen des Münzkabinetts, wenngleich sich dieser Sammlungsteil erst im 20. Jahrhundert als eigene Sammlungsabteilung des Museums herausgebildet hat. Jedenfalls erklärt das hohe Alter der Sammlungen auch die hohe Qualität der Objekte, über die das Münzkabinett verfügt. Den Kern des Amerbach-Kabinetts bildet der Nachlass des Erasmus von Rotterdam, den der Freund des großen Humanisten, der Jurist Bonifacius Amerbach (1495–1562) im Jahr 1536 erhielt und in einer speziell angefertigten Lade verwahrte. Als historisch interessierter Humanist hat Erasmus auch die eine oder andere römische und griechische Münze besessen – nachweisbar sind noch ein Goldstater des dakischen oder thrakischen Königs Koson (50/40 v. Chr.), ein Aureus des Kaisers Trajan und ein Solidus des Gratian. Im Kontext mit den verschiedenen Medaillen aus seinem Besitz kann man diese wenigen antiken Münzen jedoch eher als wertvolle Geschenke und Andenken von befreundeten Gelehrten bezeichnen denn als systematische Sammlung. Bereits Bonifacius Amerbach konnte seinem Sohn Basilius neben dem Erasmus-Nachlass eine richtige Münzsammlung von ungefähr 200 echten antiken Münzen vererben, wie Bonifacius´ Inventar von 1552 nahelegt, das bereits über eine klare Systematik sowie korrekte und routinierte Beschreibungen verfügte. Bemerkenswert ist dabei, dass neben zeitgenössischen Schaustücken und dem Nachlass des Erasmus auch mittelalterliche und neuere Münzen sowie Hinweise auf die Fundprovenienz einzelner Exemplare genannt werden. Basilius Amerbach (1533–1591) folgte seinem Vater sowohl in den juristischen Studien und als auch im Interesse für die Altertümer, zudem verdankte er einem Studienaufenthalt an verschiedenen italienischen

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Abb. 1. Medaille von Quentin Massys auf Erasmus von Rotterdam (Vs.), datiert 1519, Originalguss aus dem Nachlass des Erasmus, wohl um 1524 (HMB Inv. 1916.288.)

Universitäten ein weites Netz von Bekannten und Korrespondenten, um seine Sammlungen zu pflegen und in späteren Jahren stark auszuweiten. Bald nach seiner juristischen Promotion in Bologna (1560/1) avancierte er zum Professor in Basel und gefragten Rechtskonsulenten sowie mehrfach zum Rektor der Universität und 1581 zum Stadtsyndikus. Im Jahr 1583 konnte er davon berichten, dass er über knapp 1000 antike Münzen verfügte, wobei die nachantiken Münzen und Medaillen nicht mitgezählt wurden. Trotz seiner vielfältigen Interessen galten sein Hauptaugenmerk und sein Ruhm als Experte vor allem den Münzen des Römischen Reichs – diese waren auch akademisch als Monumente römischer Geschichte und römischen Rechts anerkannt. Sie stehen daher im Zentrum seiner numismatischen Korrespondenz. Es sind auch die römischen Münzen, die den Hauptteil der Münzen des Amerbach-Kabinetts ausmachen und die in einem Verzeichnis der geschenkten und getauschten Objekte (1579–1591) aufgelistet werden. Daneben sammelte er aber auch zahlreiche nachantike Münzen und setzte sich mit ihnen auseinander. Zum Beispiel erhielt er im Jahr 1581 nicht nur direkt von dem in Basel promovierten Jenaer Mediziner und Professor Johannes Schroter 16 thüringische und acht weitere Dünnpfennige oder Brakteaten, die er sorgfältig und zutreffend beschrieb, sondern er

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Abb. 2. Münzkasten des Basilius Amerbach, um 1578/81 (HMB Inv. 1908.16.)

empfing auch noch drei weitere Exemplare von seinem Freund, dem Arzt Dr. Theodor Zwinger, die dieser gleichfalls von Schroter erhalten hatte und Basilius Amerbach weiterschenkte. Funde hat Basilius auch erhalten und vermerkt, wenn auch sehr summarisch. Zwischen 1578 und 1581 ließ er sich einen speziellen Münzschrank anfertigen, der ungefähr 3870 Münzen und Medaillen sowie Gemmen und in eigenen Nischen drei italienische Bronzestatuetten fasste. Bemerkenswert ist Amerbachs Interesse für zeitgenössische Medaillen. Der entscheidende Impuls dürfte dabei dem ehemaligen Leibarzt der savoyischen Herzogin zu verdanken sein, Ludovic Demoulin de Rochefort (1515–1582), der sich in Basel zur Ruhe setzte. Er hatte auch in Italien studiert und war so sehr mit der norditalienischen Medaillenkunst vertraut, dass vier verschiedene Medaillen mit seinem Porträt bekannt sind, darunter Stücke von Medailleuren wie Giovanni da Cavino (1500–1570) und Ludovico Leoni (1531–1606). Unter den Münzen und Medaillen, die Amerbach 1576 von Demoulin de Rochefort erwarb, waren neben anderen Medaillen des 16. Jahrhunderts auch zahlreiche Bronzen nach der Art antiker römischer Sesterzen, die sogenannten „Paduaner“, die von dem Paduaner Künstler Giovanni da Cavino und seinem Umkreis geschaffen wurden. Bis heute sind die immer wieder abgegossenen und imitierten Paduaner nicht voll-

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Abb. 3–4. Paduaner-Medaille von Giovanni da Cavino auf Kaiser Titus, überprägt auf antiken Sesterz (C von S – C sowie Perlkreis auf der Rückseite sichtbar), und Medaille desselben Künstlers auf Ludovic Demoulin de Rochefort, um 1530/70 (HMB Inv. 2011.602.11. und 2002.233.)

ständig erforscht und klassifiziert, so dass den originalen Exemplaren des Amerbach-Kabinetts aus der Sammlung Demoulin de Rochefort bei deren Erforschung eine zentrale Funktion zukommen dürfte. Auch die freieren Nachschöpfungen antiker Münzen von Valerio Belli (um 1468–1546) aus Vicenza und seinem Umkreis gehörten in großer Zahl zu dieser Sammlung, und Amerbach erwarb noch weitere Stücke dazu. Man kann daher festhalten, dass Basilius Amerbachs numismatisches Interesse weit über die antiken Münzen hinausging und dass sich in der Sammlung seine intellektuelle Offenheit für die Geschichte und Geographie aller Epochen manifestiert. Eine sehr umfangreiche und – auf ihre Art – bedeutende Sammlung besaß auch der erfolgreiche Bergbau-Unternehmer, Geschäftsmann und Politiker

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Abb. 5. Medaille auf Andreas Ryff nach dem Vorbild einer fürstlichen Gnadenmedaille (Vs.), 1597 (HMB Inv. 1905.984.)

Andreas Ryff (1550–1603). Allerdings sammelte er nach Ausweis seines prachtvoll illustrierten „Münzbüchleins“ keine antiken Münzen wie die gelehrten Humanisten, und auch die Sprache des Verzeichnisses ist Deutsch anstatt Latein. Seine leider nicht mehr identifizierbare Sammlung umfasste vielmehr zeitgenössische Münzen und Porträt-Medaillen aus aller Herren Länder in geographischer Ordnung. Zweifellos entsprachen Sammlung und Münzbüchlein seinem ausgeprägten Repräsentationsbedürfnis, das sowohl bei der Medaille auf seine eigene politische Leistung, die Beilegung des sogenannten Rappenkriegs (1594), als auch bei einer ovalen Goldmedaille mit seinem eigenen Konterfei nach dem Vorbild fürstlicher Gnadenpfennige zur Geltung kommt. Auch Remigius Faesch (1595–1667) erhielt einen wichtigen Impuls für seine antiquarischen Interessen bei einer ausgedehnten Italienreise 1620/21. Früh machte er seine akademische Karriere und war seit 1628 viel beschäftigter Professor in Basel, mehrmals Dekan und Rektor sowie Rechtsberater für süddeutsche Fürsten. Seine antiquarischen Interessen konnte er aber vor allem

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Abb. 6. Jülich, Belagerungsklippe zu 6 Talern aus dem Randfragment eines Silbergefäßes, 1610, nachträglich graviert und teilvergoldet (HMB Inv. 1918.954.)

in Korrespondenz mit zahlreichen Sammlern und akademischen Kollegen intensiv pflegen. Neben der Grafik und den Naturalia waren Münzen und Medaillen seine bevorzugten Sammelobjekte, so dass er gemäß einem Inventar bis zum Jahr 1648 2590 Stücke erwerben konnte. Über 20 Jahre intensiver Sammeltätigkeit sollten noch folgen, so dass von den im Jahr 1800 genannten 8322 Exemplaren im Museum Faesch sicher nur ein Teil der über die ursprüngliche Zahl hinausgehenden Münzen und Medaillen auf die Sammeltätigkeit des späteren Verwalters Sebastian Faesch (1647–1712) zurückgeht. Auffällig ist gleichwohl schon bei der Durchsicht des Inventars von 1648, dass die neueren Münzen und Medaillen durchaus gleichberechtigt neben den antiken Münzen stehen. Bei einer näheren Betrachtung der klar identifizierbaren Exemplare wird zudem deutlich, dass Remigius Faesch mit großer Kennerschaft zahlreiche außergewöhnliche Stücke erwerben konnte, darunter viele seltene Belagerungsklippen oder Unika wie den zehnfachen Dukaten des Gegenzars Dimitri Ivanovic (1605–1606) und den Goldabschlag des Tiroler Viertelguldiners Kaiser Maximilians I. Der von Franz Pergo (um 1570–1629) hergestellte barocke Sammlungsschrank entspricht denn auch der extravaganten Zusammensetzung der enthaltenen Münzen. Sebastian Faesch, dem Verwalter des Museums Faesch und anerkannten Münzexperten, ist wohl dann die starke Ausrichtung auf römische und andere antike Münzen zu verdanken.

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Abb. 7. Auswahl eines Schatzfunds aus der Zeit des Basler Konzils (1431–1449) gefunden bei Bauarbeiten an der Stadtmauer von Kleinbasel (1626) in Einwickelpapier mit der Beschriftung von Remigius Faesch (HMB Inv. 1918.3764.)

Eine ganz andere Genese weist die Schorndorff-Sammlung auf. Ihr Ausgangspunkt war die zufällige, aber lange währende Freundschaft zweier Schweizer in ausländischen Diensten. Als junger Notar und Privatsekretär des polnisch-kursächsischen Gesandten kam Johann Schorndorff (1705– 1769) im Jahr 1731 nach Stockholm und schloss dort bald Freundschaft mit dem aus Schwyz stammenden schwedischen Hofmedailleur Johann Karl Hedlinger (1691–1771), der zu den führenden Stempelschneidern und Medailleuren seiner Zeit gehörte. Johann Schorndorff selbst war – zunächst – nicht an Münzen und Medaillen interessiert, doch war er historisch und zeitgeschichtlich sehr gebildet, so dass er als Ansprechpartner und Berater für Hedlingers Medaillenprojekte zur Verfügung stand und nach seiner Ernennung zum Postmeister in Basel dem Freund mit seinen zahlreichen Verbindungen dienlich sein konnte. Erst ab 1740 ist dem Briefwechsel zwischen den beiden zu entnehmen, dass Hedlinger seinem Freund regelmäßig Medaillen und Abschläge zusandte, mit dem erklärten Ziel Schorndorff ein Medaillenkabinett aufzubauen. Über Hedlinger kam Schorndorff in Kontakt zu den anderen führenden Medailleuren seiner Zeit, darunter Jean Dassier (1676–1763) in Genf oder Johann Melchior Mörikofer (1706–1761) in Bern. So kamen zu den Werken Hedlingers noch Medaillen befreundeter Künstler hinzu. Da die Verbundenheit der Freunde und ihrer Familien

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über den Tod von Johann Schorndorff hinaus Bestand hatte, wurde das Schorndorffsche Medaillenkabinett von seinen Nachkommen als Ausdruck der Verbundenheit zwischen dem Postmeister und dem Medailleur gepflegt und ausgebaut. So baute Johanns viertes Kind, der erfolgreiche Seidenbandfabrikant Daniel Schorndorff (1750–1817), die Sammlung zielstrebig um die fehlenden Hedlinger-Medaillen und Werke von anderen Schweizer Künstlern aus. Er nutzte seine weiten geschäftlichen Beziehungen nach Deutschland und Frankreich, um die Hedlinger-Sammlung seines Vaters nahezu zu vervollständigen und erweiterte sie um deutsche und schwedische Münzen und Medaillen. Geleitet von allgemein historischem Interesse bauten weitere Nachkommen den Bestand zu einer Universalsammlung aus, die in zwei Teilen an das Historische Museum Basel gelangte, zuerst 1911 die Sammlung von 322 Hedlinger-Medaillen, inklusive der Bücher, Stiche und Handzeichnungen, sodann im Jahr 1943 die auf fast 3000 Exemplare angewachsene und mehr personen- und geldgeschichtlich ausgerichtete Universalsammlung.

Abb. 8. Medaille von Johann Karl Hedlinger mit dem Selbstporträt des Künstlers, Eisenkunstguss um 1823 nach einer verlorenen Wachsbossierung um 1730 (HMB Inv. 1911.976.)

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Abb. 9. Basel, Taler 1793 von Johann Friedrich Huber aus der Sammlung Falkeisen (HMB Inv. 1903.523.)

Solche Generalsammlungen gelangten seit dem 19. Jahrhundert verstärkt in die städtischen Sammlungen, so etwa im Fall der Legate von Dr. August Meyer (1903–1977) und Dr. Henry Faucherre (1883–1971), auch wenn sie gegenwärtig tendenziell seltener werden und in der Sammlung des Museums weniger markant erscheinen. Dagegen erfreuten sich Spezialsammlungen seit dem ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert wachsender Beliebtheit. Solche Spezialsammlungen können sich auf ein klar definiertes Gebiet, Territorium oder bestimmte Bilder und Motive beziehen. Meist stehen die eigene Heimatstadt oder ihr Territorium dabei im Mittelpunkt. Unter den größeren Sammlungen im Historischen Museum Basel hat sich nur Louis Ewig (1814–1870) ausschließlich auf Münzen und Medaillen aus Basel oder mit unmittelbarem Bezug zu Basel beschränkt, doch erreichte die Sammlung eine solche Vollständigkeit, dass ihr Katalog lange als Referenzwerk für die Basler Numismatik diente. Seine Sammlung ergänzte und vervollständigte ganz erheblich die Sammlung des Museums. Auch die Sammlung des Antistes Hieronymus Falkeisen (1758–1838) umfasste vor allem Basler und eidgenössische Münzen und Medaillen herausragender Qualität. Etwas weiter fasste der Basler Kreispostdirektor Fritz August Lichtensteiger (1863–1935) sein Sammelgebiet, indem er sich auf Basler, andere Nordschweizer und Breisgauer Pfennige sowie Bodensee-Brakteaten des 12. bis 17. Jahrhunderts konzentrierte. In dieser Sammlung sind auch Fundmünzen enthalten, deren Provenienz sorgfältig vermerkt wurde; diese Bestände sind eine wichtige Ressource für die Münzgeschichte der Region, die noch nicht voll ausgeschöpft werden konnte. Mit verschiedenen Themenschwerpunkten und herausragender Qualität fügen sich die Legate von Oberstleutnant Rudolf Brüderlin (1917) sowie Dr. Leon und Sophie Der Grigorian Müller (1989) in die Gruppe der Spe-

Das Münzk abinett des Historischen Museums Basel

zialsammlungen ein. Entsprechend der Herkunft des Sammlers hat die Sammlung Der Grigorian einen Schwerpunkt im Nahen und Mittleren Osten diachron von der Antike bis in die Neuzeit, wobei unter den 143 Exemplaren qualitätvolle griechische und sasanidische Münzen besonders hervortreten. Die Sammelleidenschaft des Banquiers Rudolf Brüderlin Ronus (1853–1917) umfasste neben Büchern, Militaria und Miniaturen ungefähr 340 Renaissance- und Barock-Medaillen sowie 770 Basler Münzen und Medaillen mit der entsprechenden Literatur und sorgfältigen Aufzeichnungen. Entgegen einem – oberflächlichen – Urteil in einer jüngeren sozialhistorischen Studie steht Brüderlin im Interesse und Engagement für die Geschichte seiner Stadt anderen Sammlern und Gelehrten dieser Zeit in nichts nach. Zu erwähnen sind auch die Sammlungen von Historikern und frühen Archäologen seit dem 19. Jahrhundert, die wichtige Münztypen und Funde sorgfältig dokumentiert haben. Dieser Typ der Spezialsammlungen bildet zusammen mit den entsprechend dokumentierten Stücken anderer Sammler, Altfunden der Historischen und Antiquarischen Gesellschaft Basel, neueren Fundmünzen aus Ausgrabungen und der entsprechenden Literatur ein archäologisches Spezialarchiv, das von großer Bedeutung für die Geschichte der Region ist. Der aus Purrentruy im heutigen Kanton Jura stammende Gelehrte Auguste Quiquerez (1801–1882) dokumentierte neben der Geschichte, Geologie und zahlreichen anderen Altertümern auch die Fundmünzen im Bereich des ehemaligen Bistums Basel. Die Exemplare sind dank der Aufbewahrung im Historischen Museum noch heute für die Forschung greifbar. In ähnlicher Weise verdanken wir dem Engagement des Rechtshistorikers und Altertumsforschers Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815–1887) nicht nur die Theorie des „Mutterrechts“ oder Matriarchats und verschiedene Abhandlungen zu archäologischen Fragen, sondern auch einen Münzschatz, den er durch Kauf vor der Zerstreuung bewahren konnte. Aber auch so profilierte Historiker wie Andreas Alföldi (1895–1981) hatten kleinere Gelehrtensammlungen, die ihnen als greifbares Anschauungsobjekt für ihre Publikationen dienten. Mit der modernen Gelehrtensammlung schließt sich der Kreis der im Historischen Museum Basel vertretenen numismatischen Sammlungen seit Erasmus von Rotterdam. Stets war das historische Interesse bei der Entstehung der Sammlungen zentral. Seit dem Jahr 1972 wurde das Münzkabinett über 32 Jahre von Beatrice Schärli als erster Konservatorin des Münzkabinetts professionell betreut. Seit 2006 ist der Berichterstatter für die Bestände zuständig. Heute umfassen die Sammlungen ungefähr 66.000 numismatische Objekte, darunter etwa 11.000 antike, 20.000 mittelalterliche und neuzeitliche Münzen, 13.000 topographisch zuordenbare Fundmünzen, 12.000 Medaillen, über 1000 Münz- und Medaillenstempel sowie über 600 Gemmen, mehrere Daktyliotheken und über 60 Münzwaagen. Als Universalsammlung – entsprechend der Summe der eingeflossenen Sammlungen – hat das Museum naturgemäß einen Schwerpunkt in der Region, wobei vor allem die genannten alten Sammlungen und der Bestand der Medaillen von herausragender Bedeutung

michael matzke

Abb. 10. Kontorniat des Wagenlenkers Stefanas mit dem Porträt des Kaisers Nero, um 355/60, aus der Sammlung Andreas Alföldi (HMB Inv. 1991.187.)

sind. So konzentrieren sich Forschungs- und Publikationsprojekte nicht nur auf die regionale Münz- und Geldgeschichte sowie die Fundmünzen der Region, sondern auch auf Untersuchungen an den Medaillen des 16. Jahrhunderts wie den Paduaner-Medaillen, um einmal die verschiedenen Fragen um diese eigenartigen Renaissance-Objekte lösen zu können. Leider wurde im Jahr 2012 per Entscheid des Regierungsrats die Abgabe der seit der Gründung der Archäologischen Bodenforschung 1962 gemachten Münzfunde des Kantons Basel-Stadt an diese archäologische Fachbehörde beschlossen, so dass nicht nur die Einheit des Münzfundarchivs im Münzkabinett empfindlich gestört wurde, sondern auch die kontinuierliche numismatische Betreuung der Neufunde nicht mehr gewährleistet ist. Entsprechend der Bedeutung der alten Sammlungen wird die 2011 eröffnete neue Dauerausstellung des Basler Münzkabinetts im Rahmen der Sammlungsgeschichte präsentiert. Die gesamte neue Dauerausstellung im Untergeschoss der Basler Barfüßerkirche ist so konzipiert, dass unter dem Titel „Wege zur Welterkenntnis“ den Besuchern vermittelt wird, wie in der Renaissance und im Zeitalter des Barock Sammler und Forscher die Welt über die gesammelten Objekte erkundeten und – im wahrsten Sinn des Wortes – begriffen. Ausgehend von der idealen Kunstkammer werden daher die Münzen und Medaillen über zwei Zugänge erschlossen: die Münzen als Zeugen der Vergangenheit und Quellen für die Geschichte; die Medaillen als raffinierte Kleinkunstwerke und Spiegel der Kulturgeschichte. Vieles ist aktiv zu entdecken. Die Herstellungsprozesse werden anhand von Werkzeugen, Halbfabrikaten und einer Goldschmiede- bzw. Münzwerkstatt veranschaulicht. Dabei übernehmen neun große Touchscreens die Vermittlungsfunktion, indem sie so installiert sind, dass alle Münzen und Medaillen aufrufbar sowie in Vorder- und Rückseitenansicht zu sehen sind. So werden Fragen wie die Geldfunktion oder der Informationsgehalt der Münzen,

Das Münzk abinett des Historischen Museums Basel

Abb. 11. Blick in die neue Dauerausstellung des Historischen Museums Basel

Geldsysteme und die Entwicklung des Münzgelds sowie der Wandel der Interessen und Moden in der Medaillenkunst mit Hilfe von Touchscreens vermittelt. Der Besucher hat daher die Möglichkeit, selbständig und intuitiv zu jedem Thema und jeder Münze oder Medaille Informationen abzurufen. Wechselnde Sonderausstellungen ergänzen die universal angelegte Dauerausstellung und greifen gemäß der Gesamtkonzeption in Kooperation mit den anderen Abteilungen in die anderen Ausstellungsteile aus – ganz in der Tradition alter Sammlungen, Kunst- und Raritätenkabinette.

michael matzke

Literatur zur Sammlungsgeschichte Historisches Museum Basel. Jahresberichte 1909ff. Historisches Museum Basel. Erasmus von Rotterdam. Vorkämpfer für Frieden und Toleranz. Ausstellungskatalog, Basel 1986. Historisches Museum Basel. Führer durch die Sammlungen, Basel 1994. Die grosse Kunstkammer. Bürgerliche Sammler und Sammlungen in Basel, Basel 2011. Ackermann, Felix, Der Münzkasten des Basler Sammlers Basilius Amerbach (1533–1591), Schweizer Münzblätter 42 (1992), H. 166, S. 47–56. Berkemeier-Favre, Marie-Claire, Von der Kunst, Kabinette zu gestalten. Sammlungsmöbel aus den Beständen des Historischen Museums Basel, in: Schubiger, Benno (ed.), Sammeln und Sammlungen im 18. Jahrhundert in der Schweiz. Akten des Kolloquiums Basel, 16. –18. Oktober 2003, Genève 2007, S. 415–437. Burckhardt, Rudolf F., Über die Medaillensammlung des Ludovic Demoulin de Rochefort im Historischen Museum zu Basel, Anzeiger für Schweizerische Altertumskunde NF 20 (1918), S. 36–53. Casoli, Andrea, Allerhandt Neüwen vnnd alte Münzen... Das Inventar B von 1648 und Remigius Faesch (1595–1667) als Münzsammler, in: Historisches Museum Basel. Jahresbericht 2012 (2013), S. 57–69. Faesch, Remigius Sebastian/Salvisberg, André, Das Museum Faesch. Eine Basler Kunst- und Raritätensammlung aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, Basel 2005. Felder, Peter, Medailleur Johann Carl Hedlinger, 1691–1771. Leben und Werk, Aarau u.a. 1978. Fellmann Brogli, Regine,Die Gemmensammlung im Münzkabinett des Historischen Museums Basel: Entstehung, Zusammensetzung und ausgewählte Beispiele, in: Historisches Museum Basel. Jahresbericht 1990, S. 77–84. Geigy, Alfred, Katalog der Basler Münzen und Medaillen der im Historischen Museum zu Basel deponierten Ewig’schen Sammlung, Basel 1899. ho*rschelmann, Susanne von, Basilius Amerbach als Sammler und Kenner von antiken Münzen, in: Elisabeth Landolt u.a., Das Amerbach-Kabinett. Beiträge zu Basilius Amerbach, Basel 1991, S. 29–50.

Das Münzk abinett des Historischen Museums Basel

ho*rschelmann, Susanne von (ed.), Münzverzeichnis des Bonifacius Amerbach aus dem Jahre 1552 / Amerbachs Verzeichnis der geschenkten und getauschten Gegenstände 1579-1591, in: Elisabeth Landolt u.a., Das Amerbach-Kabinett. Beiträge zu Basilius Amerbach, Basel 1991, S. 109–122 und 208–237. Landolt, Elisabeth, Das Amerbach-Kabinett und seine Inventare, in: Landolt, Elisabeth u.a., Beiträge zu Basilius Amerbach-Kabinett (Sammeln in der Renaissance. Das Amerbach-Kabinett), Basel 1991, S. 73–303. Landolt, Elisabeth und Ackermann, Felix, Die Objekte im Historischen Museum (Sammeln in der Renaissance. Das Amerbach-Kabinett), Basel 1991. Lindau, Johann Karl, Das Medaillenkabinett des Postmeisters Johann Schorndorff zu Basel. Seine Geschichte bis zur Erwerbung durch das Historische Museum Basel, Diss. phil. Basel 1947 (Basler Beiträge zur Geschichtswissenschaft, 28), Basel 1947. Major, Emil, Das Fäschische Museum und die Fäschischen Inventare, in: Öffentliche Kunstsammlung in Basel. LX. Jahresbericht, N.F. 4, 1908, S. 1–69. Matzke, Michael, «Une espèce d’Histoire métallique» – Münz- und Medaillensammlungen in Basel, in: Die grosse Kunstkammer. Bürgerliche Sammler und Sammlungen in Basel, Basel 2011, S. 109–120. Matzke, Michael, Weltgeschichte in der Hand – Die neue Dauerausstellung im Historischen Museum Basel, in: Numismatisches Nachrichtenblatt 62 (2013), 6/13, S. 209–212; Numis-Post 46 (2013), 6/13, S. 75–78; MünzenRevue 45 (2013), 6/2013, S. 14; [Website] „Muenzenwoche“, Ausgabe vom 13.06.2013 (http://muenzenwoche.de/de/News/4?&id=2071). Meyer, Friedrich/Landolt, Elisabeth (eds.), Andreas Ryff (1550–1603), Reisebüchlein, Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde 72 (1972), S. 5–135. Quiquerez, Auguste, Monuments de l’ancien l’évêché de Bâle. Le Mont-terrible, avec notice historique sur les établissem*nts des Romains dans le Jura bernois, Porrentruy 1862. Quiquerez, Auguste, Histoire des institutions politiques, constitutionnelles et juridiques de l’Evêché de Bâle, des villes et des seigneuries de cet Etat, Delémont 1876. Sarasin, Philipp, Stadt der Bürger: Bürgerliche Macht und städtische Gesellschaft, Basel 1846-1914, 2. erw. Aufl., Göttingen 1997, S. 231–235.

michael matzke

Schärli, Beatrice, Münzen und Medaillen aus dem Besitz des Erasmus, in: Erasmus von Rotterdam. Vorkämpfer für Frieden und Toleranz, Ausstellungskatalog Historisches Museum Basel, Basel 1986, S. 35 und 108–116. Schärli, Beatrice, Historisches Museum. Münzkabinett, in: Faesch, Remigius Sebastian/Salvisberg, André: Das Museum Faesch – Eine Basler Kunst- und Raritätensammlung aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, Basel 2005, S. 52–57. Schubiger, Benno (ed.), Sammeln und Sammlungen im 18. Jahrhundert in der Schweiz. Akten des Kolloquiums Basel, 16. –18. Oktober 2003, Genève 2007.

65 HISTOIRE DES COLLECTIONS NUMISMATIQUES ET DES INSTITUTIONS VOUÉES À LA NUMISMATIQUE Reinhold Walburg Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank in Frankfurt am Main

Abb. 1. Die Reichshauptbank in Berlin, Jägerstraße

Aus der dicht besiedelten numismatischen Sammlungslandschaft in Deutschland ragen vier markante Erhebungen deutlich hervor, die sich, alphabetisch und geographisch geordnet von Nord nach Süd reihen: Berlin, Dresden, Frankfurt am Main und München. Jedes der dort angesiedelten großen Münzkabinette hat sein eigenes Alleinstellungsmerkmal und es herrscht unter ihnen weder Konkurrenz noch Gerangel hinsichtlich einer irgendwie gearteten Vormachtstellung. Ungewollt und unverschuldet fällt jedoch eine Institution aus dem Rahmen, und das gleich in mehrfacher Hinsicht: Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank in Frankfurt am Main. Zwei Dinge sind naturgemäß von Interesse, die Sammlung selbst und ihre Geschichte, wobei die Frage, welcher der wichtigere Aspekt sei, vom Standpunkt und dem Interesse des jeweiligen Betrachters abhängt. Und da sich eine streng getrennte Behandlung beider Gesichtspunkte ohnehin nicht durchhalten lässt, läuft das Folgende zwangsläufig auf eine numismatisch belebte chronologische Institutionengeschichte hinaus.

Reinhold Walburg

Lagen die Anfänge der anderen drei Kabinette in fürstlichen Wiegen, bleibt dem vierten, bürgerlichen, auf seine ungewöhnliche Herkunft, bewegte Geschichte und institutionelle Verortung zu verweisen. Bei der Geburt unserer Sammlung sangen keine Engelschöre, der Kanonendonner des Ersten Weltkrieges war die Begleitmusik. Und nicht kunstsinnige Könige sondern Reichsbankbeamte waren die Geburtshelfer. Alles fing an mit der Neuauflage des Slogans »Gold gab ich für Eisen« – das hatte ja schon 1813 im Krieg gegen Napoleon ganz prächtig funktioniert. Dieses Geschäftsmodell zur Kriegsfinanzierung – hier in der Durchnummerierung des Grauens des ersten der beiden Weltkriege – bescherte den Tresoren der Reichshauptbank in Berlin einen ansehnlichen Bestand freiwillig in vaterländischer Gesinnung abgelieferter Reichsgoldmünzen (Abb. 1), dort selbstredend banktechnisch korrekt verwahrt (Abb. 2).

Abb. 2. Blick in einen Teil den alten Reichsbanktresors und Münzbeutel aus der Zeit

Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank

Heute haben wir diesen in seiner Vollständigkeit wohl einmaligen Bestand an deutschen Reichsgoldmünzen natürlich konservatorisch korrekt magaziniert (Abb. 3).

Abb. 3. Blick in das Magazin und Tablett mit Reichsgoldmünzen

Reinhold Walburg

Für die Ablieferung der Goldmünzen gab es natürlich auch etwas, z. B. ein eindrucksvolles, patriotisch hochaufgeladenes Gedenkblatt (Abb. 4).

Abb. 4. Gedenkblatt aus dem Jahr 1916

In der Reichshauptbank in Berlin wurden dann sehr viel später (1931) aus der Masse der im ganzen Land bei den Reichsbankstellen abgelieferten

Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank

Goldmünzen (später auch Silber) die besonders gut erhaltenen Stücke und seltene Gepräge durch »besonders ausgewählte und hierfür geschulte Bedienstete aussortiert« – der Grundstein der Sammlung war gelegt (Abb. 5).

Abb. 5. Reichsgoldmünzen

Stufenweise kühn ausgreifend und recht zügig setzte sich der Wunsch nach dem Aufbau einer welt- und zeitenumfassenden Universalsammlung durch, auch auf dem Gebiet des Papiergeldes. Die nach und nach mit sachkundiger Unterstützung des lokalen Berliner Münzhandels und kompetenter Sammler ausgebaute Sammlung wuchs bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg auf angeblich 180.000 Münzen und 140.000 Geld-

Reinhold Walburg

Abb. 6. Münz- und Medaillenausstellung 1935 im großen Sitzungssaal des Reichsbankdirektoriums

scheine an und konnte sich spätestens mit der Schaffung der ›Abteilung Sammlung‹ in der Reichsbank Berlin im Jahr 1935 zu Recht ›Die Reichsbanksammlung‹ nennen. Anlassbezogen wurden Ausstellungen arrangiert, wie etwa hier (Abb. 6) eine kleine Münzen- und Medaillenschau im Frühjahr

Abb. 7. Münz- und Geldscheinausstellung in der Reichsbank zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus

Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank

Abb. 8. Gold- und Silbermünzen aus der ehem. Reichsbanksammlung, im Hintergrund neun Bankbeutel

1935 im großen Sitzungssaal des Reichsbankdirektoriums anlässlich einer Unterrichtswoche für Reichsbankbeamte – Fachfortbildung mit kulturellem Rahmenprogramm. Früh wurde auch die Bedeutung einer guten numismatischen Bibliothek erkannt und daher z. B. 1937, ein Jahr nach seinem Tod, die etwa 1.500 Titel umfassende Sammlung des bekannten Numismatikers Max von Bahrfeldt durch die Reichsbank erworben. Die hohe Qualität der Reichsbanksammlung beeindruckte 1942 den Ehrenpräsidenten der Wiener Numismatischen Gesellschaft, Oberst Eduard von Zambaur nachhaltig: »Ich schicke voraus, daß ich über die Reichhaltigkeit der Sammlungen der R.(eichs) B.(ank) geradezu erstaunt war, obwohl ich fast alle großen öffentlichen Münzsammlungen Europas kenne. Ich war nicht darauf gefaßt, auf allen Gebieten der Münzprägung ein so gleichmäßig reiches und wertvolles Material zu finden«1 Das dekorative Beiwerk an Personen und als Bauschmuck auf dem folgenden Bild (Abb. 7) definiert die Zeit und signalisiert damit auch das nahe Ende der Reichsbanksammlung. Setzen wir hier neu an: Wir schreiben das Jahr 1945 und der Zweite Weltkrieg neigt sich seinem Ende zu. Alliierte Truppen stehen bereits in den Außenbezirken von Berlin, und in der dortigen Deutschen Reichsbank – wie 1

Beobachtungen über die Organisation des Geldmuseums der D.(eutsche R.(eichs) B.(ank) in Berlin. Historisches Archiv der Deutschen Bundesbank, B 330/10058.

Reinhold Walburg

Abb. 9. Japanischer Ōbankin, hergestellt im Oktober des 10. Jahres der Kyōhō-Ära (1725)

die ehemalige Reichshauptbank in Berlin nun heißt – beginnt das große Zusammenpacken und Abtransportieren, natürlich auch in der Sammlung, die seit dem Jahr 1937 unter der Bezeichnung ›Geldmuseum‹ firmiert. Hier wird nach rein pragmatischen Gesichtspunkten gepackt, d. h. in erster Linie das Edelmetall in Form der Goldmünzen und -medaillen und der großen Silberobjekte: gut 23.000 Stücke, oder knapp 13% des Bestandes, verpackt in neun großen Bankbeuteln von durchschnittlich jeweils 40 bis 50 Pfund Gewicht; das Ganze könnte ungefähr so ausgesehen haben (Abb. 8). Diesem handfesten Ansatz verdankt sich daher z. B. auch der Fortbestand einer hervorragenden Kollektion von japanischen Ōbans und Kōbans, der einzigartigen großen Plattenmünzen des Inselreiches (Abb. 9) aus der Zeit der Shōgune. Die restlichen Münzen, ebenso wie die gesamte bis dahin aufgebaute Papiergeldsammlung, eine Münzpreiskartei und die Bibliothek blieben zurück, und es ist müßig, über deren Verbleib zu spekulieren. 2 Zusammen

Lesenswert zu diesem Themenkreis ist ein Beitrag von B. Weisser über die Berliner öffentlichen Sammlungen im Jahr 1945: Philistis von Syrakus. Eine rätselhafte Neuerwerbung des Münzkabinetts und ein Stück Berliner Geschichte des Jahres 1945, in: Beiträge zur brandenburgisch/preußischen Numismatik, NH 13, 2005, 224–229. http:// ww2.smb.museum/ngb/files/NH13_224229.pdf

Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank

Abb. 10. Eintrag im ersten Inventarbuch über den Kauf von Münzen aus der ehemaligen Reichsbanksammlung

mit Gold- und Silberbarren, Währungs- und Devisenbeständen, Druckplatten zur Herstellung von Banknoten sowie Kunstobjekten wurden die Säcke in das Kalibergwerk in Merkers / Thüringen verbracht, das mit seinen tiefen und weitverzweigten Stollen sicheren Schutz vor Bombenangriffen und, so hoffte man wohl, auch vor der Entdeckung der dort eingelagerten Schätze durch die Alliierten bot. Zumindest die letzte Hoffnung trog. Ortsansässige ausländische Zwangsarbeiter, die für ihre deutschen Peiniger naturgemäß keine allzu große Sympathie hegten, gaben amerikanischen Truppen die entscheidenden Hinweise auf die zentrale Schatzhöhle der Nationalsozialisten. Den Entdeckern ging es natürlich in erster Linie um die Gold- und Bargeldberge, mit deren Beschlagnahme man dem Feind einen empfindlichen Schlag versetzen konnte. Unsere neun Münzbeutel liefen da im Gesamtverband der alliierten Kriegsbeute so eher nebenbei mit, aber – sie liefen und ihr Inhalt überdauerte die Zeit. Es gab noch einen zehnten Beutel, der aber beim eiligen Abtransport unbemerkt irgendwo stehen geblieben war. In ihm befanden sich vermutlich die antiken Münzen, von einem ehemaligen Mitarbeiter des Geldmuseums als »Kleinod der Sammlung« bezeichnet. Springen wir in das Jahr 1954. Die Reichsbank ist abgewickelt, und Dr. Arnold Kramer »in seiner Eigenschaft als Treuhänder für die Deutsche Reichsbank in Hessen« muss immer noch die von den Amerikanern in Merkers als Kriegsbeute requirierten 23.265 Münzen aus der ehemaligen Reichsbanksammlung verwerten; er bietet sie der Bank deutscher Länder, der Vorgängerinstitution der Deutschen Bundesbank, zum Kauf an. Die Sammlung wird durch den Münzhändler Busso Peus und den wissenschaftlichen Numismatiker Walter Hävernick begutachtet und geschätzt, Präsident und Vizepräsident der Bank deutscher Länder unterzeichnen am 11. März 1954 die Vereinbarung mit dem Treuhänder, und zwei Tage später wechseln die Münzen für DM 2.162.989,03 den Besitzer (Abb. 10). Drei Jahre später wird die Bank dann von einem Privatsammler den Grundstock der heutigen Papiergeldsammlung in Form von rund 195.000 Scheinen erwerben. Trotz politischer Bestrebungen unter Hinweis darauf, dass »Das Geld-Museum der früheren Reichsbank […] eine der bedeutendsten numismatischen

Reinhold Walburg

Abb. 11. Ostägäis – China

Sammlungen der Welt (sei)« 3 dieses wieder nach Berlin zu überführen, verblieben die Stücke in Frankfurt; Ort und Grundstock einer neuen Sammlung waren definiert. In einem fünfseitigen Gutachten legte Hävernick 1957 den hohen Standard des nun zur Verfügung stehenden Materialgrundstocks und dessen Eignung zum weiteren Ausbau als Universalsammlung dar, »so dass man bei wissenschaftlicher Sammelarbeit dort stets mit irgend einem Erfolg nachsuchen kann.« Die Bank deutscher Länder und später die Deutsche Bundesbank folgten Hävernicks Empfehlung. Wie bereits zu Reichsbankzeiten festgelegt, wurde der Bestand sowohl auf dem Münz- als auch auf dem Papiergeldsektor als Universalsammlung weiter ausgebaut; nicht zu vergessen der gute repräsentative Querschnitt durch die weltweite Vielfalt der prämonetären Zahlungsmittel. ›Universal‹ ist in der Tat zu verstehen als ›weltweit durch alle Zeiten‹ – von den unmittelbaren Vorläufern des Münzgeldes in der Ostägäis des achten Jahrhunderts v. Chr. bis hin zu den chinesischen monetären Überraschungen des 21. Jahrhunderts (Abb. 11). Oder von den mingzeitlichen Geldscheinen des 14. Jh. bis zur simbabwischen 100 Billionen-Note des Jahres 2008 (Abb. 12).

Frankfurter Neue Presse vom 3.3.1955.

Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank

Abb. 12. China – Simbabwe

Reinhold Walburg

Und eben diese geographische Breite und zeitliche Tiefe sind – um die Eingangsausführungen wieder aufzugreifen – unser Alleinstellungsmerkmal. Es ist schon recht schwer, uns mit einer Nachfrage nach einem Zahlungsmittel ›auf dem linken Fuß zu erwischen‹. Und genau wegen dieser ›Artenvielfalt‹ hängt in einem der Sammlungsräume eine große Weltkarte, die doch hin und wieder gebraucht wird. Die meisten Länder lassen sich in den geographisch geordneten Sammlungsbeständen relativ einfach finden, aber wo reiht man systematisch korrekt z. B. Transnistrien, die Cocos Islands oder Tristan da Cunha ein? Über die bankinterne Zuordnung des soeben erworbenen Kulturgutes gab es 1954 überhaupt keine Diskussion. Guter Reichsbanktradition folgend kamen die Münzen und später dann die Geldscheine in die Hauptkasse – Geld zu Geld – und wurden dort von Bankangehörigen nach bestem Wissen bearbeitet; der erste wissenschaftliche Numismatiker zur Betreuung der Sammlung wurde im Jahr 1960 eingestellt. Gegenwärtig umfasst die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank insgesamt über 350.000 Objekte, aufgegliedert in c. 90.000 Münzen, c. 260.000 Geldscheine, vormünzliche Zahlungsmittel und sonstige Museumsgegenstände ›rund um das Geld‹. Aus der Sonderstellung in der numismatischen Landschaft und der Geschichte des geteilten Deutschlands heraus erklären sich gewisse Ungleichgewichtungen im Münzbestand, geschuldet der befolgten Empfehlung Hävernicks in seinem oben erwähnten Gutachten: »Die wissenschaftliche Aufgabe, die sich für das Geldmuseum heute geradezu anbietet, ist die Sammlung aller auf dem Boden der heutigen ›Deutschen Demokratischen Republik‹ und dem Gebiet östlich der Oder-Neissegrenze (ehem. Deutsche Gebiete) geprägten Münzen (und Medaillen). Für diese Gebiete besteht kein Münzkabinett mehr, und es wird nach menschlichem Ermessen in absehbarer Zeit auch keines von Bedeutung wieder erstehen.« Hinzu trat der nützliche Effekt, dass die Bundesbanksammlung in ihrer Erwerbungspolitik kaum mit den anderen westdeutschen Sammlungen in Konflikt geraten würde. Nach der Wiedervereinigung und einer nunmehr wieder existierenden gesamtdeutschen Numismatik wurde die selbst auferlegte Beschränkung zurück- und das ursprüngliche Konzept der Universalsammlung wieder aufgenommen. Die Sammlungstätigkeit geht, was in unserem Fall besonders wichtig ist, bis an den aktuellen Rand. Hier sind wir sozusagen im Tagesgeschäft der Bank und der aufmerksamen Beobachtung ihres Kerngeschäftsfeldes ›Bargeld‹ durch die Sammlung, ob und wo es Artefakte aus dem Themenfeld ›Bargeldherstellung‹ sicherzustellen gilt. Denn irgendwann geht auch die Erinnerung an das heute Geläufige verloren, und dann ist es gut, Objekte zur Verfügung zu haben, um Geld- und gelegentlich gar Zeitgeschichte im wahrsten Sinne ›begreifen‹ zu können (Abb. 13).

Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank

Abb. 13. Anlässlich der Einführung des Eurobargeldes im Auftrag der Europäischen Kommission hergestellte Training Token für Sehbehinderte und Blinde Abb. 14. Geldscheinbündel aus der Kriegskasse der »Admiral Graf Spee«

Zeitgeschichte begegnet uns etwa in einem optisch eher belanglosen Geldscheinbündel, das jedoch Teil der Kriegskasse des berühmten Panzerschiffes »Admiral Graf Spee« war, versenkt von der eigenen Besatzung zu Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs in der Mündung des Rio de la Plata (Abb. 14). Die beste Sammlung ist nutzlos, wenn sie nicht begleitet wird von einer ebenso guten Bibliothek, die kontinuierlich auf allen Gebieten der Numismatik, Geldgeschichte und historischer Wirtschaftsgeschichte ausgebaut wird. Dementsprechend ist die ›Numismatische Fachbibliothek‹, dem Sammlungsbestand folgend, als Präsenzbibliothek ebenso breit wie dieser aufgestellt, und ihre mehr als 23.000 Medieneinheiten sind online recherchierbar: (http://www.bundesbank.de/Navigation/DE/Bundesbank/Sammlungen/ Muenz_und_Geldscheinsammlung/Numismatische_Fachbibliothek/numismatische_fachbibliothek.html) Wie in jeder anderen öffentlichen Sammlung auch, stehen die Objekte der Bundesbanksammlung wissenschaftlich interessierten Besuchern zum Studium am Original zur Verfügung. Es macht wenig Sinn, im Rahmen dieser kleinen Sammlungsgeschichte jetzt die Highlights auf den Laufsteg zu schicken; das ist ermüdend und peinlich. Hier mag ein Hinweis auf den Internetauftritt der Sammlung unter www. bundesbank.de (… dann: Bundesbank / Sammlungen) genügen, wo u. a. bedeutende Neuerwerbungen und in regelmäßiger Folge Glanzstücke aus der Sammlung in ihrem historischen Umfeld vorgestellt werden.

Abbildungsnachweis: Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt

78 NÉCROLOGIES / OBITUARIES Kenneth Jonsson Brita Malmer (1925–2013)

Brita Malmer passed away suddenly on May 8, 2013, just a few days before her 88th birthday. She was born in Malmö in 1925. As a pupil in a history class in upper secondary school she realized that the account by Snorre Sturlassons about the Viking Age, although written down in the thirteenth century, was not a good source since it was not contemporary. At Lund University she studied among other things archaeology and history. Her history teacher was Sture Bolin, who belonged to the Weibullian School where source criticism was a hallmark. In 1926 he had written a thesis about the finds of Roman coins in Germania and later published an important paper on the circulation of coins during the Viking Age. Source criticism and objectivity became a lifelong goal in Brita’s own research. In Lund she had met her future husband Mats P. Malmer during an excavation in 1947. When he excavated the church of Sankt Jörgens in Åhus 197 medieval coins were found. Here Brita had her first contact with coins and could sense their potential as research objects. The coins were identified by Nils Ludvig Rasmusson keeper at the Kungl. myntkabinettet (Royal Coin Cabinet) in Stockholm, where in 1951 Brita was offered a job, which she declined as she had enough work in Lund. From 1952 Brita was employed at the coin cabinet of the Historical Museum in Lund with the task to renew the exhibitions. She became Master of Arts in archaeology in 1953 basing her research on an unpublished work on Byzantine coin types by Sven Estridsen. In 1948 plans were made for international cooperation to publish the Swedish coin finds from the Viking Age, mainly housed in the Kungl. myntkabinettet in Stockholm. The finds chiefly consisted of Islamic, German and English coins with a total close to 200,000 specimens of which the majority survive. In 1954 the project began and Brita became an associate, although only for

BRITA MALMER (1925 –2013)

a month during each of the first five years. Her task was to take charge of the Byzantine and Scandinavian coins and it was to last for her entire life. The young international team also consisted of Michael Dolley (English coins), Peter Berghaus, as well as Vera and Gert Hatz (German coins) and others who came to Stockholm every year to work on the hoards. It was an inspirational environment for everybody and many even learnt to speak Swedish and became friends for life. The fabulously rich finds provided new opportunities to study and analyze the coinage of the Viking Age. The reference works on Scandinavian coins had been written in the nineteenth century and the material had only been partly analyzed. Brita realized that she had to write new works of reference for her material and she started with Norwegian coins dating from the second half of the eleventh century, a study for which her manuscript was finished in 1958. Her method was based on the decorative and technical elements of the coins. They consisted for instance on how the letters and motifs had been rendered and on weight, diameter and centering. Everything was described in words and the analysis carried out in an objective way. The basis for the method had been developed by her husband and was based on verbal definitions and independent typological elements. Brita developed the method and applied it in a very successful way to the Norwegian coins, which only exceptionally had legible inscriptions. The result was that the coinage could be divided into three classes based on motif and five chronological periods. In 1959 Mats and Brita moved to Stockholm, where she became employed part-time within the Viking-Age project, and from 1962 on a full-time basis. In her doctoral thesis, published in 1966, the oldest Danish coinage during the ninth and tenth centuries became the next challenge. The coinage consisted of two main groups, earlier called Birka-Hedeby coins and later half bracteates. In order to avoid national connotations for the first group, Nordic coins became the name she used for both groups. A concentration of finds with coins from the earlier phase had been found at Birka, but she could show that the coins had been struck at Hedeby on the Jutland Peninsula. From a methodological point of view, the thesis was a follow-up on her work on the Norwegian coins. The entire material consisted of c. 2,700 coins, and Brita used her artistic skills to illustrate the verbal definitions of the types and varieties with her own drawings. Brita was also appointed senior lecturer after defending her thesis. In 1968, history and numismatics joined hands in her popular book Mynt och människor, Vikingatidens silverskatter berättar (Coins and people, the tale of the Viking-Age hoards). Based among others on her own drawings of coins from Ireland in the west to the Volga-Bulgars in the east, she was able to tell the stories of the coin issuers in a captivating way. The book helped to popularize numismatics and this she also did by giving talks on numerous occasions.

KENNE TH JONSSON

In 1945 the coin cabinet in Stockholm had opened an exhibition covering Swedish coins that became an inspiration to others. From 1962 Brita’s main task was to help with the exhibition The coinage of the world during 25 centuries, which was opened in 1970. It was a herculean enterprise to exhibit thousands of coins and describe the development in text. The keeper of the coin cabinet at that time, Nils Ludvig Rasmusson, led the Viking-Age project until he retired in 1970 and the vision had been to publish all finds in one large volume. This of course was an impossible task. When Brita became keeper of the coin cabinet and took charge of the project in 1971 a number of important decisions were taken. The project now got a name in Latin which was abbreviated CNS and every coin would be listed individually, which was not the norm, but became the standard for many later publications of finds. The individual features which the coins acquired when struck and after circulation would also be recorded. Hoards from Gotland account for two-thirds of the number of finds in Sweden and the first volume (1975) covered parishes in Gotland starting with the letter A. It was to be followed by seven more volumes before financing came to a halt in 1987. A parallel series, abbreviated Commentationes, was devoted to various aspects of Viking-Age coinage. Brita on her own or as co-writer published several volumes in this series, one of which was a catalogue (1989) of the 635 Byzantine coins found in Sweden. In 1975 the Kungl. myntkabinettet became a separate museum with the added name Statens museum för mynt-, medalj- och penninghistoria (State museum for coin-, medal-, and monetary history). This was entirely thanks to Brita’s efforts and the staff also increased. During her leadership it became a museum as well as a research institution. Research became her main task in 1979 when she became the first holder of the Gunnar Ekström chair in numismatics and monetary history. At the start it was located at Statens humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga forskningsråd and under the name Numismatiska forskningsgruppen(Stockholm Numismatic Institute) and it was later transferred to Stockholm University, where it became part of the department of Archaeology. The book Den senmedeltida penningen (The late medieval penning) (1980) covered the smallest denomination of the Swedish coinage. These bracteates were struck c. 1360-1520, almost exclusively in Stockholm (crowned head), Västerås (crowned A) and Söderköping (crowned S). There were many varieties of the crowned head and the crowned letters had various symbols, but nobody had been able to date them more precisely, among other things because they were hardly ever found in hoards. However, when the silver content of 110 coins was tested the results showed that they belonged to three chronologically different groups with decreasing silver content, which coincided with written monetary decrees from 1449. Then Brita realized that she had a basis for dating the types etc. Her final results showed in

BRITA MALMER (1925 –2013)

detail how the coinage developed over time with regard to type, style, silver content, weight and find distribution. A major part of the material came from so-called cumulative finds from churches, monasteries, and towns. Brita was the first in Sweden to see the potential of using cumulative finds to study, for instance, monetization. In 1981 Brita became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities and her inaugural lecture covered numismatics as a historical science. Using four examples she pointed to areas where numismatic material could increase our knowledge of the Viking Age and of the Middle Ages. Besides the Viking Age, there are a large number of finds in Sweden from the Middle Ages and Modern times. In 1982 in order to survey the coin finds in Sweden from all periods Brita started a new series of publications - Landskapsinventeringen (Provincial survey). The majority of the finds are preserved and can be studied, above all at the Kungl. myntkabinettet. In her research Brita often confronted areas with difficult problems that earlier researchers had not been able to solve. Dies were made to strike the coins and obverse and reverse dies were combined with each other depending on how fast a die was worn out. The dies have not survived, but the coins from which the dies were struck have often been preserved. As a research tool the method was first used in ancient numismatics. Brita introduced it in the Nordic countries in connection with her studies on the coinage of Olof Skötkonung at Sigtuna, which started c. 995. They were imitations of Anglo-Saxon coins and Brita’s greatest contribution to research was to bring order to the so-called Scandinavian imitations of Anglo-Saxon coins c. 995–1035. The material is very large, highly complicated, and problematic and meant several decades of study. The results have totally changed our view of the oldest coinage in Sweden and Denmark – our oldest industry as she used to call it. The coinages have proved to be very large and continued for a long period of time. The first volume was published in 1989 and following her retirement in 1992 a second volume was published in 1997. When she passed away she was working on the third and final catalogue covering these coins, which will then amount to c. 1,350 pages. A complete coverage of the Swedish part of the earliest Scandinavian coinage was published in 2010 in Den svenska mynthistorien, vikingatiden ca 995-1030 (The Swedish monetary history, Viking Age c. 995-1030). It was the synthesis of half a century of research. Brita has no doubt been the most productive Swedish numismatist in modern times and to her coins had unique properties since they were contemporary and often had legends. She analyzed major and complicated subjects and has necessarily dealt with basic research, but she has also covered subjects such as coin circulation and monetization. A long series of publications

KENNE TH JONSSON

testifies to her working capacity, patience, ability to concentrate as well as her sense of method, logic, and structure. Brita was known and respected in Sweden and abroad and received many honours as proof of this. Among these are those of the Swedish Numismatic Society (honorary member, Gustav VI Adolf medal), the Swedish Antiquarian Society (Hildebrand award, Montelius medal), and the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities (medal of merit in gold). Mention can also be made of the International Numismatic Council (honorary member), the Royal Numismatic Society (honorary member, medal), Institute de France, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Prix Duchalais), and The American Numismatic Society (Huntington-medal). Brita’s life was marked by a strong sense of duty. At the age of 87 she was the first to come to work and the last to leave. The task that she had been given in 1954 to be in charge of the Scandinavian coins became a life long one, which she nearly saw fulfilled. When new coin finds are published in the future the descriptions of the coins will include references to her work and thus her name will live on. Her research has provided numismatists, historians, and archaeologists with new pieces of evidence when trying to interpret the societies of the past.

83 MEETING OF THE INC COMMITTEE MESSINA / TAORMINA, MAY 22 TO MAY 24, 2013

Present: eight members of the Committee were present. Carmen Arnold-Biucchi (President in the Chair), Donal Bateson (Vice President), Benedikt Zäch (Vice President), Michael Alram (Secretary), Tuukka Talvio (Treasurer), Maria Caltabiano, Pere Pau Ripollès, Bernward Ziegaus (Officers). Sylviane Estiot had to cancel at the last moment. 1. Introduction by the President The President welcomes the members of the Committee and thanks everybody for the work done during the past year. She expresses her sincere thanks to Maria Caltabiano for making the meeting possible in Messina, giving thus the Bureau the opportunity to get a firsthand impression of the congress venue. She also conveys the sad news that Brita Malmer, Honorary Member of the INC, passed away on May 8. 2. Minutes of the Committee Meeting in Warsaw, May 10 to May 12, 2012 The minutes of the meeting in Warsaw as published in CR 59 (2012), pp. 83–100 are approved. 3. and 4. Treasurer‘s report: accounts for 2012, budget for 2013 The Treasurer reports that the finances are in very good condition and that there were fewer expenses than expected. The budget for 2013 was approved; additional costs for the internet site and for the maintenance of the system (c. € 200 per year) are to be expected. It is most important to have enough money reserved for the scholarships and the congress publications. It should be officially announced that part of the congress fees will be used as subsidy for the proceedings. Some of the funds budgeted for the congress need to be available immediately; therefore, an account should be set up in Messina as soon as possible and € 5000 transferred.

Meeting of the INC Committee

INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC COUNCIL

Accounts 1-1-2013 to 31-12-2013 Income and Expenditure Accounts (in Euros)

2013 proposed

2013 actual

2012 actual

Income Membership fees 2013 Membership fees, previous years Interest Total

17,500 18,688.66 16,598.00 1,500 1,785.00 2,100.00 500 387.57 1,068.11 19,500 20,861.23 19,766.11

Expenses Compte rendu Newsletter Logo Internet site Scholarships Travelling costs Meeting costs Banking costs Surplus of income over expenditure Total

5,500 5,534.41 3,430.30 2,000 2,054.00 1,945.00 500 2,181.67 4,000 1,337.50 4,350 4,350.00 2,950.00 2,200 2,895.79 1,751.15 250 233.82 147.55 100 67.50 80.75 600 4,388.21 7,279.69 19,500 20,861.23 19,766.11

Balance sheet 31-12-2012 31-12-2012 Council funds 43,906.01 39,517.80 Account Nordea Bank (1) 43,906.01 39,517.80 Account Nordea Bank (2) 40,000.00 40,000.00 Total 83,906.01 79,517.80 Council liabilities Reserve Compte Rendu 4,000.00 Reserve internet site 2,500.00 Reserve scholarships 3,850.00 Reserve 2015 congress 15,000.00 Reserve grants for the 2015 congress 25,000.00 Reserve for the congress publication 30,000.00 Reserves INC 3,556.01 Total 83,906.01 Tuukka Talvio, Treasurer Lu et approuvé: le Président Carmen Arnold-Biucchi

Meeting of the INC Committee

5. Membership The Secretary reports that four membership applications have been submitted: 1. Universalmuseum Joanneum, Münzkabinett, Graz, Austria 2. KIKPE Numismatic Collection, Athens, Greece 3. G. Holst Stiftelse för Numismatik, Göteborg, Sweden 4. Société de Numismatique Asiatique, Nantes, France The Committee examines the applications and approves all four candidates. The Treasurer reports the problems with the outstanding membership fees from Greece (Numismatic Museum, Athens; Lydia Lithos; KERA); the President will write letters to the respective institutions and will contact Thessaloniki. She will also try to encourage the Numismatic Museum in Beijing and the Shanghai Museum to become members.

6. Projects under the patronage of the INC In a preliminary remark, the President reminded everybody that the Compte rendu is the annual report of the INC and that the reports should not be too long and only include what has been done in the previous year. The following guidelines should be sent to all contributors: Reports for the Compte rendu should be short and concise. They should not exceed 750 words. The report must cover the past year‘s work only. Hence, the reports in the next Compte rendu (60, 2013), to be published in the spring of 2014, should cover the year 2013 alone and not refer to the current year or planned future work. If a report is too long, the Editor may return it or cut it as necessary. a. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum (SNG) No report so far. Since no report from A. Popescu has been received the Bureau decides that the President and P. P. Ripollès should contact A. Meadows and ask him to take over. Together they should formulate a statement and issue guidelines, which take into consideration the different problems and how the INC sees the future of the project. This proposal should also circulate among the members. b. SNG Database SNG UK Database

Work continues with some changes and improvements, mainly to eliminate the occasional glitches in the search function. Andrew Meadows reports that

Meeting of the INC Committee

together with Frédérique Duyrat and Bernhard Weisser he is organizing a gathering of Greek curators in Berlin in May to look for a way forward with online collection catalogues. c. Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (ThesCR A) and LIMC Bertrand Jaeger reports: La publication du „Troisième Niveau“ du Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (ThesCRA) s’est achevée comme prévu au printemps 2012 avec la parution du tome VIII (XX + 470p., 52 dessins au trait, 72 pls.). Il se compose des trois derniers chapitres du „Troisième Niveau“ et d’un Supplément : 4. Espace privé et espace public, 5. Polarités de la vie religieuse, 6. Interactions religieuses entre le monde classique et les civilisations voisines, Supplément: Animaux et plantes. Depuis le début 2012, les équipes du LIMC de Bâle et de Paris (équipe LIMC de l’UMR 7041 ArScAn, Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense) travaillent à la réalisation d’un Index thématique pour les huit volumes du ThesCRA (3.000 pages). Les chapitres du ThesCRA sont rédigés dans des langues différentes (français, allemand, anglais, italien) mais l’index sera intégralement en anglais et subdivisé comme suit : Index thématique Index topographique Index des noms propres Index des sources littéraires Index des sources papyrologiques Index des sources épigraphiques Ce volume aura environ 500 pages. Il sera achevé en décembre 2013 et paraîtra en mars 2014, chez le même éditeur (J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles). Avec cet Index la Fondation pour le LIMC sera parvenue au terme de ses activités. La numérisation des archives de la Fondation, réalisée grâce au généreux concours financier de la Stavros Niarchos Foundation est achevée. La base de données a été mise en ligne (http://www.limcnet.org/Home/tabid/77/ Default.aspx) à l’intention des chercheurs et d’un plus large public. Les images seront accessibles au fur et à mesure que les autorisations des ayants droit auront été obtenues. Les actes du colloque organisé à Bâle en novembre 2009 par la Fondation pour le LIMC et le Département des sciences de l’Antiquité de l’Université de Bâle paraîtront en mai 2013 : Guggisberg, M. A. (éd.), Grenzen in Ritual und Kult der Antike, Internationales Kolloquium, Basel, 5.– 6. November 2009, Schweizerische Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft, 40 (2013).

Meeting of the INC Committee

d. Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae (LIN) M. Caccamo Caltabiano, A. L. Morelli, R. Pera, L. Travaini report: During the past year the four research Units of LIN continued working on the topic “Coinage and territorial identity: from Ancient Polis to Mediaeval Civitas”. A symposium was organized in Milan on 25th October 2012 with the participation of external speakers and observers in order to achieve more international collaboration. The Italian Association of Professional Numismatists (NIP, chaired by dr. Paolo Crippa) has sponsored the LIN project with the donation of 5,000 Euros, that will be used to implement D.I.A.N.A. (see below). Messina Unit (Maria Caccamo Caltabiano) worked on Coinage and mediterranean identity: the personifications of cities or eponymous nymphs and their relation with the sea. The researchers are collecting images, attributes and links – between obverse and reverse – of coins with the eponymous ‘Nymphs’ of Cities, to define the iconic code common to figures in this category. Grazia Salamone published the monograph ‘Una’ e ‘molteplice’: la Ninfa eponima di città. Iconografie monetali e semantica, Reggio Calabria 2012 (Semata e Signa 6), and worked on more than fifty female representations of the classical and Hellenistic period that are not identified by the legend but comparable by their attributes and iconic schemes to the eponymous ‘nymphs’ of the City identified by a legend. The iconography of their heads, very often on the obverse, appears to be the most widely used, which confirms that the image had become a typos of legitimacy, like the head of the Hellenistic sovereign and later that of the Roman emperor. The Unit has also worked on the production of the multimedial database D.I.A.N.A. (Digital Iconographic Atlas of Numismatics in Antiquity). This database is interfaced with a GIS instrument that makes it possible to represent on the Google cartographic basis the data for each individual entry. The maps may be queried to establish the presence of the iconic subjects in the various chronological periods, making it easy to view the distribution of coin types over time and space. Particular attention has been devoted to codify the language to be used in cataloging. Each cataloguer can choose the most appropriate terms in the various drop-down menu, written in English. Entry models are distinguished on the basis of the kind of subject to be examined (person, animal, flora,‘res’). The following papers were presented at the Milan Symposium: G. Salamone, La categoria iconica delle ninfe eponime. M. Puglisi, Ninfe eponime e simboli marini. B. Carroccio (Università della Calabria), Il dio fluviale giovane in Magna Grecia e Sicilia.

Meeting of the INC Committee

M. Caccamo Caltabiano presented methodological considerations on their interpretation of the iconic language of coins as well as concluding remarks. M. Caccamo Caltabiano and M. Puglisi were invited to the Congress Typoi. Greek Coins and their Images: noble issuers, humble users? (Athens, 26–28 September 2012), organized by F. De Callatay, P. P. Iossif, R. Veymiers. They spoke on: Image as word and decoding coin images. The Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae Classicae et Mediae Aetatis (LIN) and Greek coinages of Sicily: war and typological choises. Other coin iconographies were discussed in the following monography and papers: – M. Puglisi 2012, I seggi imperiali. Studi di iconografia monetale romana (Semata e Signa 7), Reggio Calabria. – M. Caccamo Caltabiano 2012. “Il simbolismo dello stemma/infula: Nike, Aphrodite e il conferimento del potere sovrano”, NAC 41, pp. 1–15. – Ead. 2012, “La tradizione iconica e culturale classica nella monetazione di Vittorio Emanuele III”, in: La Collezione di Vittorio Emanuele III e gli studi di Storia monetaria. Atti del Convegno (Roma 2010), Bollettino di Numismatica 54, pp. 259–287. – G. Salamone 2012, “Campi e dominii semantici: caratteri e funzioni della dea Terina”, in: R. Pera (ed.), Il significato delle immagini. Numismatica, Arte, Filologia, Storia, Atti II Incontro Intern. di Studio del Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae (Genova 2005), Roma (Serta Antiqua et Maedievalia XIV), pp. 445–456. – Ead. 2012, “Potamos e Polis: iconografie monetali dell’Occidente greco. Alcune riflessioni”, in: A. Calderone (ed.), Qui fresca l’acqua mormora ... (S. Quasimodo, Sapph. Fr. 2,5). Un confronto interdisciplinare, Atti del Convegno (Messina 2011), Roma, pp. 125–137. Benedetto Carroccio (Università degli Studi della Calabria) and his collaborators Marianna Spinelli and Pasquale Apolito, cooperated with the Messina unit. Their most recent contributions are as follows: B. Carroccio 2012, “Sulle iconografie delle serie tarantine ridotte. Apporti dal Ripostiglio di Taranto 1883”, in: G. Colucci (ed.), Taranto 1883: il medagliere prima del museo, (Eos 4), Bari, pp. 217–234.

Bologna Unit (Anna Lina Morelli) worked on Tychai/personifications and tutelary goddesses of cities: The coinage of the Roman imperial age in the East. Within the project PRIN 2009, the local unit of the University of Bologna has been in charge of organizing the III International Meeting of the LIN on Moneta e identità territoriale: dalla polis antica alla civitas medievale / Coinage and Territorial Identity: from Ancient Polis to Mediaeval Civitas, will take place in Bologna on 12th and 13th September 2013, with the participation of Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, Ermanno A. Arslan, François de Callataÿ and

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Pere Pau Ripollès as observers and advisors. Anna Lina Morelli and Erica Filippini worked on a computerized census of the numismatic evidence involved. At present, the database (soon to be available online) includes more than 300 records from the provincial coinage of Syria through the end of the Julio-Claudian period. The participation of Tommaso Gnoli, (specialist on religious cults and practices) made it possible to widen the analysis of the semiotics of the identified iconographies. The first results of the research were presented at the Milan Symposium. The PhD thesis of Erica Filippini Dal repertorio al database: il progetto Monete al femminile. L’ iconografia monetale dell’Augusta dai Giulio-Claudi alla prima dinastia severiana, focused on the analysis of the coins of Roman imperial women from the Julio-Claudian to the first Severan age (advisor: A. L. Morelli; expected defense in September 2013). A study of the numismatic evidence for the deification of Roman imperial women, from the Julio-Claudian to the Flavian age, was presented by Anna Lina Morelli and Erica Filippini at the International Conference Apotheosis: becoming god between Antiquity and the Middle Ages, held in Ravenna, 15th and 17th March 2012 (proceedings now in press, T. Gnoli and F. Muccioli eds.). Genoa Unit (Rossella Pera) worked on Coinage and civic provincial identity: reality and symbology of the rivers’ images on Greek Imperial coins of Asia Minor. Other publications by R. Pera are in press: – “L’iconografia di Securitas sulle monete romane: studio preliminare”, in: Immagini e memoria. Raffigurazioni emblematiche tra passato e presente dalla Collezione Numismatica Piancastelli. Quaderni Piancastelli VIII, Bologna. – “Preziose tipologie negli aurei romani”, in: M. Tortorelli Ghidini (ed.), Aurum. Funzioni e simbologia dell’oro nelle culture antiche, Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 2011). – “Echi di romanità dall’esilio: confronti fra le tipologie monetali e gli scritti di Ovidio”, in: The Romans at the Black Sea during the Time of Augustus: The evidence of Literary, Archaeological and Numismatic Sources. International Colloquium (Tulcea 2012), BAR. – “L’impero romano in crisi. Le Personificazioni come tipi monetali: realtà e inganno”, in: E. Arslan (ed.), Un confronto drammatico con il XXI secolo: l’ impero romano del III secolo nella crisi monetaria, Seminario di Studi (Biassono 2012).

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– “Proclamare il potere: esempi dalla monetazione romana”, in: L. Santi Amantini, Fr. Gazzano (edd.), Le maschere del potere, Roma. – “Il fiume recumbente: varianti iconografiche nelle emissioni microasiatiche di Età imperiale”, in: L. Travaini (ed.), Polis, Urbs, Civitas: moneta e identità, Giornata di Studio LIN (Milano, 25 October 2012). Milan Unit (Lucia Travaini) worked on The cities numismatic lexicon: the founder’s image from the ancient ‘polis’ to the medieval ‘civitas’. The Milan unit organized the 2012 symposium Polis, urbs, civitas: moneta e identità. Atti del convegno di studio del Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae (Milano 25 ottobre 2012), L. Travaini, Giampiera Arrigoni (edd.) (Rome, Quasar, 2013). The group directed by Giampiera Arrigoni studies ancient coins, focusing on the images of mythical founders. The papers read at the Milan symposium (in press) are as follows: – G. Arrigoni 2012, L’ identità collettiva delle Amazzoni eponime e fondatrici: l’esercito. – A. Però 2012, Nikaia di Bitinia: tradizioni di fondazione nella documentazione letteraria, epigrafica e monetale. – L. Fabbri 2012, L’ iconografia monetale dell’Amazzone in relazione alle poleis della Tracia. – A. Giampaglia 2012, Enea il fondatore. Roma e la Troade a confronto. Other publications in press include: – G. Arrigoni 2013, Immaginare le Amazzoni come popolo. – A. Però 2013, La ninfa Nicea tra Artemide e Dioniso. – L. Fabbri 2013, L’ iconografia monetale dell’Amazzone in età classica in relazione alla polis. – L. Fabbri 2013, Le Amazzoni nella numismatica di età ellenistica: identità delle eponime. – A. Giampaglia 2013, Enea sulle monete delle coloniae: aspetti del culto imperiale (in press). The group directed by Lucia Travaini has been working on the identity of medieval cities and also on the first signs of identity of seigniorial authorities on coins, and how they melted with, or replaced, Republican iconography. For the Milan symposium, Lucia Travaini and Matteo Broggini worked on the images of ‘founders’, exploring the role of saints and other elements (L. Travaini, M. Broggini, San Giovanni sull’ incudine. Fondatori cristiani e fondatori mitici sulle monete italiane medievali e moderne).

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L. Travaini has also written three articles, now in press, as follows: – “Le aquile e i gigli, la scala e gli scudi. I segni del potere signorile sulle monete italiane tra Duecento e Trecento, in Signorie italiane e modelli monarchici”, Atti del convegno, Milano 8–9 febbraio 2012, a cura di P. Grillo, Roma (in press): related to the early signs of identity of the new Signori in north Italy. – “Il signore a cavallo, il signore in piedi, il signore “all’antica”: ritratti monetali tra Medioevo e Rinascimento”, NAC-QT, in press; here the form of representation of rulers is investigated in detail according to the juridical base of power and to the LIN methods, offering new insights on the correct chronology of some coins of North Italy. – “Coins, Images, Identity, and Interpretations: Two Research Cases—a Seventh-century Merovingian Tremissis and a Fifteenth-century Ducat of Milan”, in: S. Solway (ed.), Medieval Coins and Seals: Constructing Identity, Signifying Power, Turnhout, Brepols, 2013. e. Numismatic Literature (ANS NumLit) Oliver Hoover reports: Farewell to Numismatic Literature! In 1947, the American Numismatic Society published the first volume of the annotated bibliography, Numismatic Literature (NumLit or NL) as a new means of keeping numismatists throughout the world abreast of work going on in other countries. For decades, NumLit’s abstracts and the network of regional editors who supplied them served an important purpose. However, with the advent of the Internet and the ability to translate titles with the press of a button, the relevance of Numismatic Literature and the supply of content have sharply declined over the last decade. Considering these developments, after 65 years it seemed time to retire the publication. Numismatic Literature 150, which goes to the printer in February 2013, will be the final issue. We thank the many regional editors and contributors who supported NumLit over the years. f. Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum (SNS) Michael Alram reports: Folgende Bände sind 2012 erschienen: – M. Alram, R. Gyselen, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Paris – Berlin – Wien, Band 2, Ohrmazd I. – Ohrmazd II. – L. Baratova, N. Schindel, E. Rtveladze, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Usbekistan. Sasanidische Münzen und ihre Imitationen aus Bukhara, Termes und Chaganian.

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Folgende Bände stehen in Bearbeitung: – N. Schindel, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum. The Schaaf Collection, mit Beiträgen von M. Alram und R. Gyselen (wird 2014 erscheinen). – A. Gariboldi, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Tajikistan. Sasanian Coins and their Imitations from Sogdiana, Tokharistan and Ustrushana (wird 2014 erscheinen). Darüber hinaus wird an den Bänden IV (N. Schindel) und VI (R. Gyselen) der Hauptreihe SNS Paris – Berlin – Wien, an SNS Syrien (R. Gyselen) sowie SNS Tübingen (N. Schindel) gearbeitet.

7. Reports from affiliated bodies a. Centro Internazionale di Studi Numismatici di Napoli (CISN) Marina Taliercio sent the following report: A. Attività di ricerca

Nel settore della ricerca l’attività si è svolta su diversi filoni, che affrontano aspetti e problemi sia di sistemazione strutturale delle emissioni sia di circolazione monetaria in diverse aree dell’Italia antica e riguardano anche il campo del collezionismo numismatico. 1. Magna Grecia 1a. E’ proseguito il lavoro di ricerca sulle monetazioni greche di età arcaica e classica, focalizzando l’attenzione sulle emissioni frazionarie di argento di Taranto, che costituiscono un segmento della produzione monetale rilevante per la lunga durata e la sostanziale continuità, per la cospicua entità, nonchéé per la complessa articolazione interna e per il frequente cambiamento di scelte produttive, seppur prive di uno studio specifico che ne ricostruisca in modo sistematico lo sviluppo. I risultati della ricerca sono stati presentati nella relazione di M. Taliercio, Le frazioni d’argento della zecca di Taranto, in La monetazione di Taranto. Le monete degli Ostrogoti e Longobardi in Italia, Bari. 16–17 novembre 2012. Lo studio delle serie tarantine di età classica è stato affrontato anche sotto il profilo archeometrico allo scopo di analizzare la composizione elementare delle leghe metalliche utilizzate nella coniazione: l’indagine ha consentito di definire il protocollo di ricerca per questa tipologia di applicazione, mentre i risultati forniscono indicazioni significative per lo studio di aspetti tecnologici della produzione monetaria e, soprattutto, per l’approfondimento di fenomeni di alterazione del fino e delle politiche di manipolazione finanziaria ad essi sottese. I primi risultati relativi, in particolare, alle serie di stateri tarantini databili tra la spedizione di Archidamo e l’intervento di Alessandro il Molosso sono stati illustrati in A. Buccolieri, G. Buccolieri, D. Manno, A. Serra, R. Vitale et alii, Non – Destructive Analysis of Silver Coins

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Minted in Taras (Southern Italy) Between the V and the III Century B.C. (in corso di stampa). 1b. Nel filone di ricerca dedicato alla tipologia monetale, si è pubblicato il contributo di M. Taliercio, Annotazioni a margine di tipi monetali di ambito magno-greco tra VI e IV secolo a.C.,in R. Pera (a cura di), Il significato delle immagini. Numismatica, Arte, Filologia, Storia (Genova 2005), Roma 2012, 11–26. Nel contempo l’indagine si è incentrata sui tipi di Poseidonia-Paestum considerati sotto l’aspetto di fonte privilegiata per la storia dei culti della città. A tale scopo si è effettuata una lettura del linguaggio iconico della moneta, tenendo conto della scelta del tipo e dell’apparato iconografico, del nesso che intercorre tra diritto e rovescio, tra tipo e simboli, tra tipo e iscrizione. I risultati della ricerca sono confluiti nel contributo di M. Taliercio, La documentazione numismatica. I culti nella monetazione di Poseidonia-Paestum, in E. Lippolis, G. Maddoli, M. Nafissi (edd.), Poseidonia-Paestum, Culti Greci in Occidente, III, Taranto 2012, p. 255–284. 2. Area campano-sannitica Si è proseguito con la ricognizione e lo studio della raccolta numismatica del Museo Campano di Capua. Si è iniziato l’esame della documentazione di archivio, che ha consentito di ricostruire il processo di formazione della raccolta tra il 1868 ed il 1904 circa, accertandone il carattere prevalentemente locale. Di prossima pubblicazione una sintesi sulla formazione del Medagliere del Museo Campano, a cura di R. Vitale, per gli Annali del Museo Campano, mentre le prime anticipazioni sulla fisionomia della collezione e sull’allestimento del Medagliere sono state pubblicate da R. Vitale in Museo Provinciale Campano di Capua. Guida alle Collezioni, a cura di M. L. Nava, Foggia 2012, p. 55 – 63. 3. Comprensorio vesuviano In questa fase della ricerca l’indagine è stata condotta su due binari paralleli, che riguardano: 3a. Rinvenimenti in altre località del comprensorio con lo scopo di affrontare e rivisitare la problematica generale dalla prospettiva del suburbio, costituito da un tessuto abitativo eterogeneo: ville a carattere residenziale, aziende agricole di piccole dimensioni, complessi a carattere abitativo e commerciale, etc. In questo quadro si inseriscono i materiali di Oplontis, che hanno offerto lo spunto per affrontare in modo più ampio la problematica del territorio sotto il profilo monetario, socio-economico e finanziario. I risultati della ricerca sono stati pubblicati da M. Taliercio, Ritrovamenti monetali, contesti archeologici, processi storici e socio-economici nel comprensorio vesuviano: il caso di Oplontis, in G. Gorini, M. Asolati (edd.), Ritrovamenti monetali, contesti archeologici, processi storici e socio-economici nel mondo antico, Numismatica Patavina 12, 2012, p.191–216.

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3b. La documentazione relativa ai rinvenimenti pompeiani anteriori alla fase del 79 d.C., di cui si è occupata R. Vitale , è stata analizzata sviluppando la disamina comparativa tra settori diversi della città, in particolare delle regiones VI, VII, VIII, IX, indagandone i fattori di diversificazione. Questi ultimi sono stati individuati nell’andamento dell’esplorazione stratigrafica dell’area urbana e, soprattutto, nella storia dello sviluppo urbanistico che ha conferito vocazioni e funzioni diverse ai vari segmenti cittadini. I risultati della recente esplorazione stratigrafica hanno consentito di incentrare l’analisi sulla fase sannitica di Pompei e di isolare tratti peculiari della presenza monetale nell’area urbana tra la fase della occupazione sannitica e quella della Guerra Sociale (in R. Vitale, Presenza monetaria e contesti archeologici a Pompei: l’età sannitica, in G. Gorini, M. Asolati (edd.), Ritrovamenti monetali, contesti archeologici, processi storici e socio-economici nel mondo antico, Numismatica Patavina 12, 2012, p.119–149). 4. Area medio-italica 4a. Porto: E’ proseguito lo studio dei materiali archeologici di scavo dalla zona del bacino portuale di Traiano (scavi 2009–2012) sia nell’area del circuito murario della città di Porto che nell’area della Basilica portuense. In particolare è stato ultimato lo studio di tutte le evidenze monumentali della Basilica ed è in corso l’edizione critica dello scavo con tutti i materiali. Lo studio completo dei reperti numismatici è edito a firma di E. Spagnoli: “I contesti della Basilica portuense: il quadro economico-monetario” e costituisce il capitolo 12 della monografia in corso di pubblicazione (Editore All’Insegna del Giglio-Firenze). Nella regione portuense l’osservatorio storico-archeologico si è inoltre esteso a comprendere le risultanze di scavo delle fasi traianee-severiane e post-antiche del bacino portuale e del Palazzo Imperiale. Sono in corso di studio i reperti monetali, a cura di E. Spagnoli, relativi alle campagne di scavo e delle ricerche di superficie degli anni 2010/2011 e 2012. Ostia: E’ ripreso il lavoro di edizione dei contesti di scavo. In particolare si è aperto un osservatorio sui dati monetali relativi ai depositi archeologici delle Domus tardoantiche. Tale lavoro è stato sviluppato a partire dal complesso dei reperti provenienti dalle indagini 2011/2012 alla Domus delle Colonne, in corso di pubblicazione. 4b. Si è proseguito, a cura di E. Spagnoli, lo studio dei reperti numismatici provenienti dall’abitato Amiternum (S. Vittorino, L’Aquila) recuperati in indagini recenti -2012, ma anche 2009 e 2010- e si prepara l’edizione critica del complesso dei materiali di scavo articolati per aree funzionali. 4c. Studio dei materiali dall’abitato della colonia latina di Norba (Norma, Latina): la ricerca è stata ampliata ai materiali provenienti dal settore residenziale a valle dell’acropoli minore dell’abitato della colonia latina Norba,

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di prossima pubblicazione per i volumi dell’Atlante Tematico di Topografia Antica a cura di R. Vitale. 4d. Per l’area sannitica è stato affrontato lo studio della documentazione relativa al territorio di Allifae, privilegiando in questa prima fase di lavoro il numerario greco e le tematiche ad esso pertinenti (vd. R. Vitale, Presenza monetaria nel territorio di Allifae: il numerario greco, di prossima pubblicazione in Orizzonti – Rassegna di Archeologia). 4e. E’ stato intrapreso lo studio della documentazione recuperata nel corso degli scavi condotti dalla Seconda Università di Napoli ad Abellinum (Atripalda, Av.) in territorio irpino. I reperti provengono in particolare dal settore meridionale della domus attribuita a M. Vipsanius Primigenius, liberto di Vipsanius Agrippa, interessata da trasformazioni d’uso ed interventi seguiti al terremoto del 346 d.C. ed all’eruzione di Pollena, inquadrata tra fine V sec. d.C. ed inizio del VI sec. d.C. La disamina del materiale numismatico concorre all’inquadramento delle diverse fasi edilizie e di frequentazione del sito e segnala componenti monetarie finora non attestate in questo comparto territoriale, tra le quali numerario ostrogoto e bizantino oltre a moneta romana di imitazione delle fasi finali dell’Impero. 5. Collezionismo Si è continuato lo studio della collezione monetale Scacchi, di proprietà della Società Napoletana di Storia Patria, che riveste un particolare interesse sotto il profilo quantitativo e qualitativo per l’alto numero di esemplari – ca. 3000 –, per la varietà dei metalli – oro, argento e rame –, per il lungo arco cronologico – dall’epoca altomedioevale all’unità nazionale –, per la pluralità delle zecche meridionali attestate, denotando una sensibilità giuridico – istituzionale per la storia locale. B. Attività informatica

– Schedatura e archiviazione informatica delle frazioni di argento di Taranto. – Schedatura e archiviazione informatica dei materiali provenienti dall’ area campano-sannitica. – Schedatura e archiviazione informatica di rinvenimenti di area vesuviana: da Pompei alcuni nuclei da scavi stratigrafici; gruzzoli dalla Villa di Crassius Tertius da Oplontis. C. Pubblicazioni

Cfr. le indicazioni riportate nel corso della relazione.

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b. Oriental Numismatic Society (ONS). Joe Cribb reports: During 2012, the society published four volumes of its Journal (nos. 210– 213), including members news, obituaries, book reviews, meeting reports and research articles. An index of the articles in all volumes of the Journal is available on line at the Society’s new website http://orientalnumismaticsociety.org. The Society has now also launched a presence on Facebook, to reach the many oriental coin collectors around the world using this social network (http://www.facebook.com/OrientalNumismaticSociety). Section meetings were held at New York, Oxford, Tübingen, Cologne, London, Odessa, and Utrecht. The AGM was held at the London meeting in October. At present, the Society has just over 500 members worldwide. During 2012, the Society formed an alliance with the new French numismatic society: Société de Numismatique Asiatique ([emailprotected]). Council: Secretary General: Joe Cribb Deputy Secretary General/ Journal Editor: Stan Goron Secretary/UK Section Secretary: Peter Smith Treasurer: Ben Bream Publications Secretary/Assistant Journal Editor: Robert Bracey Membership Secretary: Paul Withers European Section Secretary: Jan Lingen American Section Secretary: Charlie Karukstis South Asian Section Secretary: Dilip Rajgor Pakistan Chapter Secretary: Shafqat Mirza General Section Secretary: Bob Senior Ordinary council members: Shailendra Bhandare, Barbara Mears, Paul Stevens, Howard Simmons

c. International Association of Professional Numismatists (IAPN – AINP) J. L. Van der Schueren sent following report: The General Assembly of Jerez de la Frontera, Spain has been a very successful one. Two new members were elected: Kolbe & Fanning Numismatic Booksellers LLC (Mr. Kolbe had been a member previously, than became a corresponding member, and is now a “full” member again with his new firm) and Mexican Coin Company LLC, both from the USA. A member has resigned from the Association: Malter Galleries, Inc., from the USA. The book prize for 2012 went to Hector Carlos Janson, “La Moneda circulante en el Territorio Argentino 1574-2010”. No less than 15 books were in competition for the Prize.

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The next congresses will be held in Leipzig (Germany) in 2013, and in Monte Carlo (Monaco) in 2014. d. International Committee for Money and Banking Museums (ICOMON) Christel Schollaardt reports: In 2012, the XIX Annual conference of ICOMON was held at Rabat, Morocco, October 15–17, hosted by the Bank Al-Maghrib. The theme was “Money and Banking Museums: New challenges and perspectives”. Globalization is eroding cultural and national identities and making their world more uniform, and unfortunately the global financial crisis is exacerbating this. In this context, museums, and among them money and banking museums, have a greater role to play in the preserving and embedding of national identity. However, cost savings, budget restrictions and human resource reductions have been the key words for every company and institution since 2008, and have not spared museums. Participants were expected to discuss how museums can play an integral role in reinforcing national identity in both developed and developing countries even if at first glance they may not appear to have the same priorities as education, agriculture or health. In 3 days, there were four sessions on the following topics: A. Make museums more accessible to the public B. Play a major role in educating new generations C. Preserve and promote the national heritage of the country D. Research On Monday, we had two sessions at the premises of the Bank Al-Maghrib itself: In Session A Catherine Eagleton of the British Museum, Weirong Zhou of the China Numismatic Museum and Megan Gooch of the London Tower presented their new exhibitions. Eagleton talked about the choices the BM made in redecorating the Money Gallery and how they consulted the public in that. Zhou showed us the very high tech digital exhibition of the China numismatic Museum and Gooch showed us some difficulties using digital techniques in a medieval surrounding at the Tower of London. In Session B Takashi Uemura, (Insatsu Choyokai Foundation Japan), Houdi Khaldi (Bank Al-Maghrib Museum), Hasti Adiani Dwiputranti (Museum of the Bank of Indonesia), Karla Santos de Sá (Central Bank of Brasil) and Kelvin Kizito Kiyingi (Bank of Uganda) talked about their experiences in

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reaching out to the public in new ways. Fascinating to hear about educational experiments in Japanese malls and about using the museum as a tool for financial literacy and economics education in Uganda. Afterwards there was an excursion to the Archeological Museum and a fine diner with a copious Moroccan banquet. In the morning, we had a fascinating tour at the premises of the Brasil Mint and Banknote factory, Dar As-Sikkah. In the afternoon, we had Session C on preserving and promoting the national heritage of the country. Pavel Sidorenko (Central Bank of Venezuela) talked about the new banknote designs of Venezuela, used as tools for education by depicting national birds on it. Vesna Kovac of the Serbian Bank showed us the design for a specific exhibiting-educational centre and Boo Kian Seng talked about Eclecticism, relevance and sustainability at the Malaysian bank. In Session D Cecilia von Heijne (National Museum of Economy, Stockholm, Sweden) explained her research into connections between the Vikings and the Caliphate, Rajae Benhsian showed us the historical aspects of bank AlMaghrib’s collections and Karen Lee of the Smithsonian Museum told us how a sketchbook of a United States Engraver can tell us about the world. At the third day, we had a round table discussion on all topics brought up by our participants, which led to a very lively discussion. Afterwards we had the formal Annual Meeting. Despite the disappointing number of participants, this meeting was very successful in terms of exchanging ideas and creating an open, respectful environment for all members. The impeccable organization and unbelievingly warm welcome of the Bank Al-Maghrib was a very important factor in this. The present economic crisis impacts ICOMON in different ways: some colleagues could not afford to attend the conference in Rabat. Other institutions suffered from serious cutbacks, the Geldmuseum in Utrecht, The Netherlands, eliminated the entire Department of Collections and Research resulting in a lay-off of nine people. On the other hand, the crisis exemplifies how useful numismatic studies can be: monetary unions come and go, and in fact, this crisis is not that different from crises in the past. ICOMON‘s task is to point out to the public that lessons can be learnt from the past. ICOMON developed a program to reach out to parts of the world that are not represented amongst our members, we now have seven African countries as members, and the Rabat meeting was the first ever held on African soil. This outreach program also fits wonderfully into the strategic goals of ICOM, out mother-organization,

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and resulted, together with our work on a collection-management manual and our proceedings on the internet, in a grant for the third time with more tuition from ICOM. In 2013, the Annual Meeting will be held at Rio de Janeiro as a part of the large, triennial ICOM conference. Date: August 10–17, Theme: {Museums (memory + creativity = social change)}. Our host will be the Central Bank of Brazil.

8. Publications of the INC a. International Numismatic e-News (INeN) Since the Glasgow Congress the INeN has been in the able hands of the editors Sylviane Estiot and Benedikt Zäch: two very successful issues were distributed punctually twice a year. Benedikt Zäch had already edited the old printed INC Newsletter and started the electronic version during the previous Committee term and it was time for him to move on to other duties, Pere Pau Ripollès, professor at the University of Valencia will replace him as co-editor. In order also to alleviate Sylviane Estiot’s workload, it was decided that the INeN will now be produced in Valencia. The deadlines for all contributions to the INeN are August 1st for the fall issue, and December 1st for the spring issue. All announcements and news should be sent to both editors: [emailprotected] and pere.p.ripolles@ uv.es. b. Compte Rendu (CR) CR 59 ( 2012) was published in May.

9. Website: www.inc-cin.org Bernward Ziegaus reports: In 2012 many updates were made and new frames were installed (http:// www.muenzgeschichte.ch/inc/index.html). The website got more and more traffic as the offer of links increased and in the meantime a wide range of numismatic information gave the network users an insight into the different activities of museums, collections and Coin Cabinets in Europe and overseas. To improve this offer in the future, all institutions with numismatic offers have the chance to get in contact with the webmaster, who can quickly add new data on the website.

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Downloads of all e-newsletters (INeN), which appeared from 2005 onwards, but also articles published in Compte rendu 58, 2011 are available as Pdf files on the website. As the e-Newsletter has grown in volume, a simple mailing via an attached Pdf file is no longer possible. In future all subscribers will get an e-mail with a link (url address), which will allow them to download the new e-Newsletter. As the e-Newsletter usually appears twice a year the website presents the opportunity to display different information online under various headings e. g. “Conferences” or “Exhibitions”, something that was not available before the deadline and distribution of the mailing version. The announcements are presented as short introductions to exhibitions, for upcoming conferences there are hyperlinks on the website. The section “Online databases” also increased its entries and new web links have been added. These links are useful because they often contain references to special coin collections and are a useful starting point for further research. In 2012 a number of vacancies were advertised on the INC-website (Austria, Germany, Great Britain), so this might also be an opportunity for numismatists looking for a new field of activity. The ticker therefore gives not only a short overview of what is new on the website, but flags up deadlines for job offers. All members are encouraged to send information, new data and links to the webmaster. € 4000 are to be reserved for the new website, which will be hosted by a new company in Germany. It is decided to put the Survey of the Glasgow Congress on the website, and P. P. Ripollès and B. Zäch will look for a company to digitize the old Surveys to make them available via the web. All members of the Bureau should prepare a curriculum for the website and send it to B. Ziegaus as soon as possible. B. Zäch suggests that the INC should also use new media like Facebook in the near future.

10. INC Scholarship A. Pachkalov, O. Lempereur and B. Tobias sent their reports on the progress of their work. In the future all applicants will be informed that their report will be published on the website.

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Four applications for 2013/14 were received. After examining the proposals the Committee decided to award the travel scholarship (€ 3000.-) to Martin Ulonska from the University of Vienna to support his research on “Die Münzgeschichte der Stadt Strassburg vom der Einführung des Goldguldens bis zum Ende der städtischen Prägung”. The grant-in-aid (€ 1500 will go to Aram R. Vardanyan for his project on “Islamic Coins Struck in Historic Armenia, vol. II: From the Mongol period, starting from the Chingisids to the Timurids (1200–1400).

11. XVth International Numismatic Congress; Messina/Taormina 2015 In preparation for the 2015 Congress, the Committee this year held its annual meeting in Messina and Taormina as host of the Univesity of Messina. We were able to meet the members of the Organizing and Scientific Committees in person and to see firsthand the venue of the Congress with the various of practical possibilities for lecture halls and accommodations. The Congress will take place in the Palazzo dei Congressi and in the Biblioteca Comunale. The call for papers will be sent out electronically in the fall: the number of presentations will be limited to 400 on a first come first served basis. There will also be poster sessions. The papers will be restricted to fifteen minutes to allow for a five-minutes discussion. The registration fees will be € 300 / € 150 (for members and students only) / € 75 (accompanying persons) before May 31st 2015 and € 400 / € 200 (for members and students only) / € 100 (accompanying persons) after June 1st 2015. The Committee decided and urged the Organizing Committee to hire a company before the end of the summer 2013 that will take care of booking hotels and make travel arrangements as well as organize the different receptions and events during the Congress.

12. Survey The deadline for submission of the contributions to the subeditors is April 15, 2014; a meeting of the subeditors will be scheduled in early Fall 2014. The President reports that as decided at last year’s meeting, she contacted and met with the President of the IAPN Eric McFadden and with Jean-Luc Van der Schueren, to ask whether they would sponsor the publication of the Survey as in the past. The IAPN responded that they would be glad to finance the Survey again. They would like to include a preface as in the last volumes and this time on issues relating to cultural property. A draft of the

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statement was sent to the President and circulated to the Committee before our meeting. After a thorough discussion the Committee decided that the text needed revisions. So the President will contact the IAPN President. 13. Any other relevant business a. Legal status of the INC: Since the General Assembly in 2003 in Madrid voted to dissociate the INC from the CISH, provisions for transfer of the assets in case of dissolution of the INC (art. 11) are no longer in place and the legal status has to be revised. B. Zäch reports that the INC could be organized as an association according to Swiss law; he will clear all necessary steps with a lawyer. He will also check if it is possible to get a VAT number and to open an account in Switzerland. Provisions for the INC´s property have to be in place in the event that the INC is dissolved (Art. 11). Two possibilities are discussed: that the money be distributed either to the members who regularly paid their dues or be transferred to a foundation to finance numismatic research. The Committee will continue the discussion to prepare a proposal to the General Assembly in 2015. b. New logo: B. Zäch had sent different proposals and designs for a new logo and the following were accepted: for the letterhead no. 1, for the website no. 1/5; for the e-News the logo should be adapted according to the new design. At the next meeting in Spring 2014, the Committee will decide on a slate of candidates for the next term to be submitted to the vote of General Assembly.

14. Date and place of the next Committee meeting, spring 2014 If sponsors can be found the next meeting of the Bureau will take place in Helsinki in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of the Finish Numismatic Society in May 2014.

15. Vote of thanks to hosts The President and the Committee express their deep gratitude to Maria Caltabiano and her colleagues at the University of Messina as well as to the Rector of the University, Prof. Francesco Tomasello for their generous hospitality: thanks to them the INC had a very productive and convivial meeting.

103 MEMBRES DU Conseil INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE INSTITUTIONS AU 31 DÉCEMBRE 2013 This list includes contact names, together with telephone and fax numbers, of each institution member of the INC. Any additional information (e.g. email addresses), updates or corrections should be sent to the Secretary of the INC for inclusion in the next Compte rendu. Cette liste comprend la liste des institutions membres du CIN ainsi que les noms de leurs responsables, leurs numéros de téléphone, de fax et leur email. Toute information complémentaire (e-mail, site web p. ex.) ou toute correction doivent être envoyées au Secrétaire de la CIN qui les répercutera dans le Compte rendu suivant.

AUSTRALIA / AUSTRALIE Australian Centre for Ancient Numismatic Studies Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Contact: Kenneth Sheedy tel. +612 9850 8807 fax +612 9850 8240 [emailprotected] www.mq.edu.au/research/centres_ and_groups/acans/

AUSTRIA / AUTRICHE Universalmuseum Joanneum, Münzkabinett Schloss Eggenberg, Eggenberger Allee 90, A-8020 Graz Contact: K arl Peitler tel. +43 1 316 8017 9513 fax +43 1 316 8017 9530 [emailprotected] www.museum-joanneum.at/de/ muenzkabinett

Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Münzkabinett Burgring 5, A-1010 Vienna Contact: Michael Alram tel. +43 1 52 524 4201 fax +43 1 52 524 4299 [emailprotected] www.khm.at Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte, Universität Wien Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, A-1190 Vienna Contact: Reinhard Wolters tel. +43 1 4277 40704 fax +43 1 4277 9407 [emailprotected] numismatik.univie.ac.at Institut für Kulturgeschichte der Antike, Abt. Documenta Antiqua Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Postgasse 7, Stiege 2, A-1010 Vienna Contact: Bernhard Woytek tel. +43 1 515 81 3511 [emailprotected] www.oeaw.ac.at/numismatik

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Österreichische Numismatische Gesellschaft Burgring 5, A-1010 Vienna Contact: Günther Dembski tel. +43 1 525 24 4221 fax +43 1 525 24 4299 [emailprotected] www.oeng.at

BALTIC COUNTRIES Association of Baltic Numismatists, c/o National Museum of Lithuania, Arsenalo Str. 1, LT-01143 Vilnius Contact: Dalia Grimalauskaite tel. +370 5 212 02 50 [emailprotected]

BELGIUM / BELGIQUE Association Internationale des Numismates Professionnels (AINP) 14 rue de la Bourse, B-1000 Bruxelles Contact: J.-L. Van der Schueren tel. +32 2 513 3400 fax +32 2 512 2528 [emailprotected] www.iapn-coins.org (see Switzerland) Cabinet des Médailles Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, boulevard de l’Empereur 4, B-1000 Bruxelles Contact: Johan van Heesch tel. +32 2 519 56 08 fax +32 2 519 56 02 [emailprotected] www.kbr.be/collections/medailles /medailles_fr.html (français) et www.kbr.be/collections/medailles /medailles_nl.html (néerlandais)

Cercle d’Études Numismatiques boulevard de l’Empereur 4, B-1000 Bruxelles Contact: Jean-Marc Doyen 29 rue Fr. Roffiaen, B-1050 Bruxelles tel. + 32 2 647 1916 Monnaie Royale de Belgique boulevard Pachéco 32, B-1000 Bruxelles Contact: Serge Lesens tel. +32 2 221 07 11 fax +32 2 217 70 64 Société Royale de Numismatique de Belgique Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque Royale boulevard de l’Empereur 4, B-1000 Bruxelles Contact: Johan van Heesch tel. +32 2 519 56 08 fax +32 2 519 56 02 [emailprotected] Banque Nationale de Belgique, Collection Numismatique boulevard de Berlaimont 14, B-1000 Bruxelles Contact: Marianne Danneel tel. +32 2 221 25 71 fax +32 2 221 31 60 [emailprotected] Association de Numismatique professeur Marcel Hoc Collège Érasme, Place Blaise Pascal 1, bte L3.03.11, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Contact: Ghislaine Moucharte tel. +32 10 474882 fax +32 2 3455403 [emailprotected] numismatica.fltr.ucl.ac.be

MEMBRES DU Conseil INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE

Provinciaal Munt- en Penningkabinet Kielenstraat 15, B-3700 Tongeren Contact: Guido Creemers tel. +32 12 670 340 fax +32 12 670 333 [emailprotected]

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Contact: Maja Bonačić Mandinić tel. + 38 5 21 329 340 fax +38 5 21 329 360 [emailprotected] www.armus.hr

CYPRUS / CHYPRE BRAZIl / BRÈSIL Museu Historico Nacional Praia Marechal Ancora, s/n., 20.021200 Centro, Rio de Janeiro / RJ, Brasil Contact: Vera Lucia Botrel Tostes tel. +55 21 2550 9221 [emailprotected]

Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, Museum of the History of Cypriot Coinage 86-90 Phaneromenis Str, P.O. Box 21995, 1515 Nicosia Contact: Eleni Zapiti tel. + 357 22 677134 fax +357 22 662898 [emailprotected]

CANADA / CANADA The Nickle Arts Museum The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Contact: Ann Davis tel. +1 403 220 7234 fax +1 403 282 4742 [emailprotected] www.ucalgary.ca/-nickle Bank of Canada, National Currency Collection 234 Wellington Street, Ottawa K1A 0G9 Contact: Paul S. Berry tel. +1 613 782 8188 fax +1 613 782 8655 www.bank-banque-canada.ca /english/museum.htm

CZECH REPUBLIC / RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÈQUE Česká numismatická společnost Arménska 1372/10, CZ-110 00 Praha 10 Contact: Michal Masek tel./fax +420 2 71730775 [emailprotected] [emailprotected]

DENMARK / DANEMARK

CROATIA / CROATIE

Kgl. Mønt-og Medaillesamling, Nationalmuseet Frederiksholms Kanal 12, DK-1220 København K Contact: Michael Andersen tel. +45 33 47 31 02 fax +45 33 15 55 21 [emailprotected]

Arheoloski Muzej Zrinsko-Frankopanska 25, HR-21000 Split Director: Zrinka Buljević

Dansk Numismatisk Forening Galionsvej 12, 2. th., DK-1437 København K Contact: Preben Nielsen

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tel. +45 43 52 19 18 [emailprotected] www.numismatik.dk

FINLAND / FINLANDE Coin Cabinet, National Museum of Finland P.O. Box 913, FI-00101 Helsinki Contact: Tuukka Talvio tel. +358 40 1286389 [emailprotected] www.nba.fi/en/collections_coin _cabinet Finnish Numismatic Society Mechelininkatu 15 B 47, FI-00100 Helsinki Contact: Petteri Järvi tel. +358 503 747 868 [emailprotected] www.snynumis.fi Suomen Numismaatikkoliitto – Association of Finnish Numismatic Societies PO Box 36, FI-33541 Tampere Contact: Petri Virolainen tel. +358 3 3631 480 fax +358 3 3631 480 www.numismaatikkoliitto.fi

France / FRANCE Association des Amis du Parc archéologique européen de Bliesbruck-Reinheim 1 rue Robert Schuman, F-57200 Bliesbruck Contact: Berty Schaub tel./fax +33 3 87 02 25 79 [emailprotected] www.archeo57.com

Fédération Française des Associations Numismatiques (FFAN) BP 5, F-37160 Descartes Contact: Jacques Laurent tél. +33 (0) 247 92 40 65 [emailprotected] www.amisdufranc.org Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon 20 place des Terreaux, F-69001 Lyon Contact: François Planet tel. +33 4 72 10 17 40 fax +33 4 78 28 12 45 [emailprotected] www.mba-lyon.fr/mba/ Cabinet des Médailles, Archives Municipales 10 rue Clovis-Hugues, F-13003 Marseille Contact: Joëlle Bouvry tel. +33 4 91 55 33 71 fax +33 4 91 55 23 38 [emailprotected] www.documentation-provence.org/ orgs/83.htm Musée Dobrée 18 rue Voltaire, BP 40415, F-44004 Nantes Contact: Gildas Salaün tel. +33 2 40 71 03 50 fax +33 2 40 73 29 40 [emailprotected] www.loire-atlantique.fr/jcms/cg_ 7520/musee-dobree Société de Numismatique Asiatique 86 Quai de la Fosse, F-44100 Nantes Contact: François Joyaux tel. +33 2 43 04 13 62 [emailprotected] https://sites.google.com/site/ societedenumismatiqueasiatique/home

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IRAMAT Centre Ernest-Babelon 3d rue de la Férollerie, F-45071 Orléans cedex 2 Contact: Bernard Gratuze tel. +33 2 38 25 52 49 fax +33 2 38 25 76 88 [emailprotected]

Contact: Frédérique Duyrat tel. +33 1 53 79 83 63 fax +33 1 53 79 89 47 [emailprotected] www.bnf.fr/fr/collections_et_services/ dpts/s.departement_monnaies _medailles.html?first_Art=non

Les Amis de l’Euro (AD€) 36 rue Vivienne, F-75002 Paris Contact: Olivier Fournier tel. +33 6 10 87 97 30 tel. +33 1 75 43 49 41 fax +33 1 75 43 49 42 [emailprotected] www.amisdeleuro.org

Médaillier de la Banque de France 10-1069 SG – SPAHI, 39 rue Croix-des-Petit*-Champs, F-75049 Paris cedex 01 Contact: Jean-Renaud Lefeuvre tel. +33 1 4292 2539 [emailprotected]

Les Amis du Franc (ADF) 36 rue Vivienne, F-75002 Paris Contact: Franck Perrin tel. +33 6 18 13 92 33 [emailprotected] www.amisdufranc.org Amis des Romaines (ADR) 36 rue Vivienne, F-75002 Paris Contact: Laurent Schmitt tel. +33 1 40 26 42 97 tel. +33 6 10 80 60 32 fax +33 1 40 26 42 95 [emailprotected] www.amisdesromaines.fr Direction des Monnaies et Médailles 11 quai Conti, F-75006 Paris Contact: Jean-Luc Desnier tel. +33 1 40 46 55 25 fax +33 1 40 46 57 09 [emailprotected] www.monnaiedeparis.fr Cabinet des Médailles de la Bibliothèque nationale de France 5 rue Vivienne, F-75084 Paris cedex 02

Société Française de Numismatique Bibliothèque nationale de France, 58 rue de Richelieu, F-75084 Paris cedex 02 Contact: Le Secrétaire tel. +33 1 53 79 86 26 fax +33 1 53 79 86 28 www.sfnum.asso.fr Musée Numismatique J. Puig 42 av. de Grande-Bretagne, F-66000 Perpignan Contact: Sabine Castellvi tel. +33 4 68 62 37 61 fax +33 4 68 34 76 55 [emailprotected] www.mairie-perpignan.fr/index. php?np=1076 Musée Saint-Raymond musée des Antiques de Toulouse, 1ter place Saint-Sernin, F-31000 Toulouse Contact: Pascal Capus tel. +33 5 61 22 21 85 fax +33 5 61 22 31 25 [emailprotected] www.saintraymond.toulouse.fr

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GERMANY / ALLEMAGNE Münzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Bodestrasse 1-3, D-10178 Berlin Contact: Bernd Kluge tel. +49 30 20905701 fax +49 30 20905702 [emailprotected] www.smb.spk-berlin.de Griechisches Münzwerk Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Jägerstrasse 22/23, D-10117 Berlin Contact: Ulrike Peter tel. +49 30 20370501 fax +49 30 20370376 [emailprotected] Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Münzkabinett Residenzschloss, Taschenberg 2, D-01067 Dresden Contact: R ainer Grund tel. +49 351 4914 3230 fax +49 351 4914 3233 [emailprotected] www.skd.museum Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Abt. II: Archäologie und Geschichte der römischen Provinzen sowie Hilfswissenschaften der Altertumskunde Grüneburgplatz 1 / Fach 136, D-60629 Frankfurt am Main Contact: Hans-Markus von K aenel tel. +49 69 798 32267 (Sekretariat) fax + 49 69 798 32268 [emailprotected] Geldmuseum der Deutschen Bundesbank Wilhelm-Epstein-Strasse 14, D-60431

Frankfurt am Main Contact: Reinhold Walburg tel. +49 69 9566 6164 fax +49 69 9566 50 6164 [emailprotected] www.geldmuseum.de Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte Holstenwall 24, D-20355 Hamburg Contact: R alf Wiechmann tel. +49 40 428132-2363 fax +49 40 428132-3103 [emailprotected] www.hamburgmuseum.de Museum August Kestner, Sammlung Münzen und Medaillen Landeshauptstadt Hannover, Trammplatz 3, D-30159 Hannover Contact: Simone Vogt tel. +49 511 168 42120 fax +49 511 168 46530 [emailprotected] www.museum-august-kestner.de Numismatische Kommission der Länder in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Staatliche Münzsammlung München Residenzstrasse 1, D-80333 München Contact: Dietrich O. A. Klose tel. +49 89 22 72 21 fax +49 89 29 98 59 [emailprotected] www.staatliche-muenzsammlung.de Badisches Landesmuseum, Münzkabinett Schloss, D-76131 Karlsruhe 1 Contact: K atarina Horst tel. +49 721 92 6679 fax +49 721 92 6 6537 [emailprotected] www.landesmuseum.de

MEMBRES DU Conseil INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE

Bayerische Numismatische Gesellschaft e. V. Residenzstrasse 1 (c/o Staatliche Münzsammlung), D-80333 München 2 Contact: Kristian Nicol Worbs tel. +49 8022 705 826 fax +49 8022 705 849 [emailprotected] Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Amalienstrasse 73b, D-80799 München Contact: Johannes Nollé tel. +49 89 28 67 67-73 or 60 fax +49 89 28 67 67-80 [emailprotected] www.dainst.org/mitarbeiter Staatliche Münzsammlung München Residenzstrasse 1, D-80333 München Contact: Dietrich O. A. Klose tel. +49 89 22 72 21 fax +49 89 29 98 59 [emailprotected] www.staatliche-muenzsammlung.de Verband der Deutschen Münzenhändler Charlottenstrasse 4, D-70182 Stuttgart Contact: Stefan Sonntag tel. +49 711 2484 73 69 Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kultur Domplatz 10, D-48143 Münster Contact: Gerd Dethlefs tel. +49 251 5907258 fax +49 251 5907210 [emailprotected] Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Münzkabinett Kornmarkt 1, D-90402 Nürnberg Contact: Matthias Nuding tel. +49 911 1331251

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fax +49 911 1331200 [emailprotected] www.gnm.de Deutsche Numismatische Gesellschaft Verband der Deutschen Münzvereine e.V. Zum Seeblick 5, D-83703 Gmund am Tegernsee Contact: Kristian Nicol Worbs tel. +49 8022 705 826 fax. +49 8022 705 849 [emailprotected] www.numismatische-gesellschaft.de

GREECE / GRÈCE Alpha Bank, Numismatic Collection Stadiou 40, GR-102 52 Athens Contact: Dimitra Tsangari tel. +30 210 3262 460/1 fax +30 210 3262 462 [emailprotected] www.alphanumismatics.gr KIKPE (Welfare Foundation for Social & Cultural Affairs) Neophytou Douka 12, GR-106 74 Athens Contact: Vasiliki Penna tel. +30 210 729 93 66 [emailprotected] Lydia Lithos, Society for the Study of Numismatics and Economic History P.O. Box 3895, GR-102 10 Athens Contact: K atarini Liampi [emailprotected] www.lydialithos.gr

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Numismatic Museum Iliou Melathron, Panepistimiou 12, GR-106 71 Athens Contact: George K akavas tel. +30 210 364 3774 fax +30 210 363 5953 [emailprotected] www.nma.gr Research Center for Greek and Roman Antiquity The National Hellenic Research Foundation (KERA) 48, Vassileos Constantinou avenue, GR-116 35 Athens Contact: Sophia Kremydi, [emailprotected] tel. +30 210 727 36 86 tel. +30 210 727 36 78 fax +30 210 723 41 45

Musée National de Hongrie, Cabinet des Monnaies et Médailles Múzeum körút 14-16, Postsbok 364, H-1088 Budapest VIII Contact: Melinda J. Torbágyi tel. +36 1 3277 777 [emailprotected] www.hnm.hu

ISRAEL / ISRAEL Israel Numismatic Society The Israel Museum, P.O. Box 71117, Jerusalem 91710, Israel Contact: Haim Gitler tel. +972 267 08831 fax +972 267 08906 [emailprotected] www.ins.org.il

HUNGARY / HONGRIE

ITALY / ITALIE

Banknote and Coin Collection of the National Bank of Hungary Szabadság ter. 8-9, H-1850 Budapest tel. +36 1 428 2600 ext. 1456 fax +36 1 428 2569 / 2572 [emailprotected] www.lk.mnb.hu

Università della Calabria, Dipartimento di Storia, Cattedra di Numismatica Ponte Pietro Bucci, cubo 28/D, I-87037 Arcavacata di Rende CS Contact: Benedetto Carroccio tel. +39 0984 49 4472 fax +39 0984 49 4411 [emailprotected]

Magyar Numizmatikai Társulat, Société Numismatique Hongroise Csepreghy u. 4. Fasz. 2, H-1085 Budapest VIII Contact: Melinda J. Torbágyi tel. +36 1 3270 704 [emailprotected] www.numizmatika.org

Università degli Studi di Bologna, Dipartimento di Storia Culture Civiltà Cattedra di Numismatica Via Zamboni 38, I-40126 Bologna Contact: Anna Lina Morelli tel. +39 051 2098761 fax +39 051 222706 [emailprotected] www.numismatica.unibo.it

MEMBRES DU Conseil INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE

Museo Civico Archeologico Via Musei 8, I-41024 Bologna Contact: Paola Giovetti tel. +39 051 233849 fax +39 051 266516 [emailprotected] www.comune.bologna.it /museoarcheologico/ Circolo Numismatico Ligure “Corrado Astengo” c/o Società Ligure di Storia Patria, Palazzo Ducale, Piazza Matteotti 5, I-16123 Genova Contact: Giuseppe Figari tel: +39 010 311339 [emailprotected] Cattedra di Numismatica, Dipartimento di scienze dell’antichità, del medio evo e geografico-ambientali (DISAM) Sezione scienze documentarie, Università di Genova, 4, via Balbi, I-16126 Genova Contact: Rossella Pera tel. +39 010 209 9779/9763 fax +39 010 209 5468 [emailprotected] Cattedra di Numismatica greca e romana, Dipartimento di Civiltà Antiche e Moderne Università degli Studi di Messina Polo dell’ Annunziata, I-98168 Messina Contact: Maria Caccamo Caltabiano tel. +39 090 3503397 fax +39 090 3503889 [emailprotected] Dipartimento di Storia, archeologia e storia dell’arte Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A Gemelli 1, I-20123 Milano

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Contact: Claudia Perassi tel. +39 02 72342530 fax +39 02 72343908 [emailprotected] Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Studi Storici, Cattedra di Numismatica medievale e moderna Via Festa del Perdono 7, I-20122 Milano Contact: Lucia Travaini tel. +39 02 50 31 29 02 fax +39 02 50312904 [emailprotected] [emailprotected] www.luciatravaini.it Università degli studi di Milano, Dipartimento di scienze dell’antichità, Cattedra di numismatica antica Via Festa del Perdono 7, I-20122 Milano Contact: Adriano Savio tel. +39 02 50 31 29 41 fax +39 02 50 31 25 92 [emailprotected] Società Numismatica Italiana Via Orti 3, I-20122 Milano Contact: Gian Angelo Sozzi tel./fax +39 02 9439 1024 [emailprotected] www.socnumit.org Centro Internazionale di Studi Numismatici Villa Livia, Parco Grifeo 13, I-80121 Napoli Contact: Marina Talierci0 tel. +39 081 681112 [emailprotected] [emailprotected] www.storia.unina.it/centri /numismati.html

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Museo Bottacin Palazzo Zuckermann, Corso Garibaldi 33, I-35123 Padova Contact: Bruno Callegher tel. +39 049 876 6959 fax +39 049 877 4671 [emailprotected] Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Piazza dei Cinquecento, 67, I-00185 Roma Contact: Fiorenzo Catalli tel. +39 06 48020753 fax +39 06 484156 [emailprotected] Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Palazzo Barberini, Via Quattro Fontane 13, I-00184 Roma Contact: Sara Sorda tel./fax +39 06 4743603 [emailprotected] www.istitutoitalianonumismatica.it/ storia.asp Cattedra di Numismatica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Musica e Spettacolo, Facoltà di Lettere Università degli Studi di Roma (Tor Vergata), Via Columbia 1, I-00133 Roma Contact: Patrizia Serafin Petrillo tel. +39 06 7259 5197 or 5144 fax +39 06 7259 5220 [emailprotected] Università degli studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale Via Ponte don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA) Contact: Renata Cantilena tel. +39 089 962 113/962 136

fax +39 089 964 399 [emailprotected] Gabinetto numismatico dei Civici Musei di Udine Piazzale del Castello, I-33100 Udine Contact: Maurizio Buora tel. +39 04 32 271591 fax +39 06 32 501681 Museo di Castelvecchio Corso Castelvecchio 2, I-37121 Verona Contact: Paola Marini tel. +39 045 8062611 fax +39 045 8010729 [emailprotected] www.comune.verona.it /castelvecchio/cvsito

JAPAN / JAPON Currency Museum Section, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies The Bank of Japan, 2-1-1 Hongoku-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8660 Contact: Noriko Fujii tel. +81 3 3279 1111 fax +81 3 3277 1456 [emailprotected] www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm

Luxembourg / LUXEMBOURG Cabinet des Médailles, Musée National d’Histoire et d’Art Marché-aux-Poissons, L-2345 Luxembourg Contact: François Reinert tel. +352 47 93 30 217 fax +352 47 93 30 271 [emailprotected]

MEMBRES DU Conseil INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE

THE NETHERLANDS / PAYS-BAS Teylers Museum Spaarne 16, NL-2011 CH Haarlem Contact: Marjan Scharloo tel. +31 23 5319010 fax +31 23 5342004 [emailprotected] Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Munt- en Penningkunde p/a Geldmuseum, postbus 2407, NL-3500 GK Utrecht Contact: Chris Teulings tel. +41 44 780 60 37 [emailprotected]

NORWAY / NORVÈGE Det Norske Myntverket AS PO Box 53, N-3601 Kongsberg Contact: Turid Djønne tel. +47 3 73 53 00 fax +47 3 73 62 58 Kulturhistorisk museum, Universitetet i Oslo Numismatisk bibliotek Box 6762 St Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo Contacts: Svein Harald Gullbekk (Viking age and medieval coins, orders, banknotes and Norwegian monetary history) tel. +47 22 85 99 46 fax +47 22 85 97 69 [emailprotected] Håkon Ingvaldsen (Greek, Roman and Byzantine coins, oriental coins, medals, modern Norwegian monetary history) tel. +47 22 85 99 48 fax +47 22 85 97 69 [emailprotected]

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Collection manager, Anette Sættem (responsible for managing the numismatic collection and the collection of classical antiquities) tel. +47 22 85 99 43 fax +47 22 85 97 69 [emailprotected] www.khm.uio.no

POLAND / POLOGNE Komitet Nauk Historycznych, Komisja Numizmatyczna Al. Solidarności 105, PL 00-140 Warsaw Contact: Borys Paszkiewicz tel. +48 22 620 28 81 fax +48 22 624 01 00 National Museum Kraków, Numismatic Cabinet ul. J. Pilsudskiego 12, PL 31-109 Kraków Contact: Jaroslaw Bodzek tel. +48 12 292 64 40 [emailprotected] National Museum Warsaw Department of Coins and Medals Al. Jerozolimskie 3, PL 00-495 Warsaw Contact: Andrzej Romanowski tel. +48 22 621 10 31 ext. 252, 347 fax +48 22 622 85 59 [emailprotected] Polskie Towarzystwo Numizmatyczne ul. Jezuicka 6, PL 00-281 Warsaw Contact: Mariusz Mielczarek tel./fax +48 22 831 39 28

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University of Warsaw, Institut of Archaeology Szkola Glówna, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, PL 00-927 Warsaw Contact: Aleksander Bursche tel. +48 22 5522827 fax +48 225522801 [emailprotected]

ROMANIA / ROUMANIE National History Museum of Romania 12 Victoriei Road, Sector 3, RO-010082 Bucharest Contact: Martin Tudor tel. +40 21 315 82 07 fax +40 21 311 33 56 [emailprotected] www.mnir.ro Societatea Numismatica Româna˘ Biblioteca Academiei Romane, Cabinetul Numismatic, Popa Tatu str. 20, sector 1, RO-010805 Bucharest Contact: Emanuel Petac tel. +40 723 241303 [emailprotected]

RUSSIA / RUSSIE The State Historical Museum, Dept. of Numismatics Red Square 1, RU-109012 Moscow Contact: Alexander Shkourko (Director) tel. +7495 292 22 69 fax +7495 692 22 69 fax +7495 925 95 27 Igor Shiryakov (Keeper of Numismatic Department) tel. +7495 692 28 73 fax +7495 921 53 16

State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts 12 Volkhonka st., RU-119019 Moscow Contact: Nataliya Smirnova tel. +7495 203 74 14 fax +7495 203 46 74 [emailprotected] www.museum.ru/gmii The Moscow Numismatic Society ul. Kosygina, dom 13, kv. 149, RU-119334 Moscow Contact: Garold A. Shchetinin tel. +7 495 930 01 21 [emailprotected] The State Hermitage Museum St. Petersburg, Dvortsovaya nab, 34, RU-190000 St. Petersburg Contact: Vitaly K alinin tel./fax +7812 710 90 06 [emailprotected]

SLOVENIA / SLOVÉNIE Narodni Muzej Slovenije, Numismatični kabinet Prešernova 20, SI-1000 Ljubljana Contact: Peter Kos tel. +386 61 126 4098 fax +386 61 221882 [emailprotected] www.narmuz-lj.si/english/12 _departments/coin_cabinet/coin _cabinet.html

SPAIN / ESPAGNE Sociedad Numismática Avilesina Apartado 225, E-33400 Aviles Contact: Claudio López Arias tel. +34 93 5563170 tel. +34 93 5523153 fax +34 98 5523153

MEMBRES DU Conseil INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE

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Asociación Numismática Española Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 627, Pral. 1a, E-08010 Barcelona Contact: Josep Pellicer tel. +34 93 3188245 fax +34 93 3189062 [emailprotected] www.ane.org.es

Museo Casa de la Moneda F. N. M. T., Jorge Juan 106, E-28009 Madrid Contact: Juan Teodoro tel. +34 915 666 533 fax +34 915 666 809 [emailprotected] www.museocasadelamoneda.org

Gabinet Numismàtic de Catalunya, Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya, Palau Nacional, Parc de Montjuïc, E-08038 Barcelona Contact: Marta Campo [emailprotected] Contact: Albert Estrada [emailprotected] tel. +34 93 622 03 60 fax +34 93 622 03 74 www.mnac.cat

Departamento de Arqueología e Historia antigua Centro de Estudios Históricos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Duque de Medinaceli N° 6, E-28014 Madrid Contact: Maria Paz Garcia-Bellido tel. +34 91 4290626 fax +34 91 3690940 [emailprotected]

Societat Catalana d’Estudis Numismàtics Carrer del Carme 47, E-08001 Barcelona Contact: X avier Sanahuja tel. +34 3 4573876 fax +34 3 4579277 [emailprotected] Fundación para el Fomento de los Estudios Numismáticos FONUMIS c/ Orfila 18, E-28010 Madrid Contact: J. Cayón tel. +34 91 5228030 fax +34 91 5233585 Departamento de Numismática y Medallistica, Museo Arqueológico Nacional c/ Serrano 13, E-28001 Madrid Contact: Paloma Otero tel. +34 91 5777912-224 fax +34 91 4316840 [emailprotected] man.mcu.es

Sociedad Iberoamericana de Estudios Numismáticos (SIAEN) c/ Jorge Juan 106, E-28009 Madrid Contact: Julio Torres tel. +34 91 5666536 fax +34 91 5666809 [emailprotected] Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, Universitat de València, Facultad de Historia y Geografia Avda Blasco Ibáñez, no. 28, E-46010 València Contact: Pere Pau Ripollès tel. +34 96386 4124 fax +34 96398 3887 [emailprotected] www.uv.es/ripolles Museu de Prehistòria de València Corona 36, E-46003 València Contact: Helena Bonet Rosado tel. +34 963 883 587 fax +34 963 883 536 [emailprotected]

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SWEDEN / SUÈDE

SWITZERLAND / SUISSE

Gunnar Holsts Stiftelse för Numismatik Växthusgatan 12, SE-431 60 Mölndal Contact: Stefan Zakrisson tel. +46 31 530776 [emailprotected]

Historisches Museum Basel, Münzkabinett Steinenberg 4, CH-4051 Basel Contact: Michael Matzke tel. +41 61 2058 600 fax +41 61 2058 601 [emailprotected] www.hmb.ch

Kungl. Myntkabinettet / Royal Coin Cabinet Sveriges ekonomiska museum Box 5405, SE-114 84 Stockholm Contact: Eva R amberg tel. +46 8 5195 5310 fax +46 8 5195 5315 [emailprotected] www.myntkabinettet.se Numismatiska Forskningsgruppen / Stockholm Numismatic Institute Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm Contact: Kenneth Jonsson tel. +46 8 6747755 [emailprotected] www. archaeology.su.se/numismatiska-forskningsgruppen Svenska Numismatiska Föreningen / Swedish Numismatic Society Banérgatan 17 nb, SE-115 22 Stockholm Contact: President tel. +46 8 6675598 fax +46 8 6670771 [emailprotected] www.users.wineasy.se/snf/index.html Uppsala University, Coin Cabinet Box 256, SE-751 05, Uppsala Contact: Hendrik Mäkeler tel. +46 18 471 17 22 fax +46 18 471 75 69 [emailprotected] www.myntkabinettet.uu.se

Bernisches Historisches Museum Helvetiaplatz 5, CH-3005 Bern Contact: Daniel Schmutz tel. +41 31 350 77 31 fax +41 31 350 77 99 [emailprotected] www.bhm.ch Inventar der Fundmünzen der Schweiz Aarbergergasse 30, Postfach 6855, CH-3001 Bern Contact: R ahel C. Ackermann tel. +41 31 311 34 24 fax +41 31 311 34 25 [emailprotected] www.fundmuenzen.ch

Schweizerische Numismatische Gesellschaft c/o Jean-Pierre Righetti, Route de Fribourg 54, CH-1724 Ferpicloz Contact: Jean-Pierre Righetti tel. +41 26 413 02 16 fax +41 26 413 02 15 [emailprotected] www.numisuisse.org

MEMBRES DU Conseil INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE

Musée d’Art et d’Histoire, Cabinet Numismatique rue Charles Galland, Case postale 3432, CH-1200 Genève Contact: Matteo Campagnolo tel. +41 22 4182600 fax +41 22 4182601 [emailprotected] Musée Monétaire Cantonal Place de la Riponne 6, Palais de Rumine, CH-1014 Lausanne Contact: Anne Geiser tel. +41 21 3163990 fax +41 21 3163999 [emailprotected] www.musees.vd.ch/musee-monetaire/

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Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum, Landesmuseum Zürich, Münzkabinett Museumstraße 2, PF, CH-8021 Zürich Contact: Hortensia von Roten tel. +41 44 218 65 16 fax +41 44 211 29 49 [emailprotected] www.musee-suisse.ch/d/sammlung/ wissenschaft_und_sammlungen /numismatik.php

TAIWAN / TAIWAN National Museum of History 49 Nan Hai Road, Taipei City 10066, Taiwan Contact:Hui-Chuan Han tel. +886 2 2361 0270 ext. 207 fax +886 2 2331 1086 [emailprotected] www.nmh.gov.tw

Cabinet de Numismatique de Neuchâtel, Musée d’Art et d’Histoire Case postale, CH-2001 Neuchâtel Contact: Gilles Perret tel. +41 32 7177920 fax +41 32 7177929 www.unine.ch/antic/numismatique.html

UNITED KINGDOM / ROYAUME-UNI DE GRANDE-BRETAGNE

Münzkabinett und Antikensammlung der Stadt Winterthur Villa Bühler, Lindstrasse 8, Postfach, CH-8402 Winterthur Contact: Benedikt Zäch tel. +41 52 267 51 46 fax +41 52 267 66 81 [emailprotected] www.muenzkabinett.org

The Barber Institute of Fine Arts, Dept. of Coins, The University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TS Contact: Eurydice S. Georganteli tel. +44 121 414 7332 fax +44 121 414 3370 [emailprotected] website:www.barber.org.uk /coins/index.html

Freie Vereinigung Zürcher Numismatiker c/o Münzkabinett, Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum, Museumstraße 2, PF, CH-8021 Zürich Contact: Hortensia von Roten tel. +41 44 218 65 16 fax +41 44 211 29 49

The Fitzwilliam Museum, Dept. of Coins and Medals Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RB Contact: Adrian Popescu tel. +44 1223 332949 fax +44 1223 332923 [emailprotected] www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk /dept/coins/

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MEMBRES DU Conseil INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE

The National Museum of Wales, Dept. of Archaeology and Numismatics Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NP Contact: Edward M. Besly tel. +44 29 2057 3291 fax +44 29 2057 3321 [emailprotected] www.museumwales.ac.uk /en/archaeology/

Ashmolean Museum, Heberden Coin Room Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PH Contact: Chris Howgego tel. +44 1865 278063 fax +44 1865 278057 [emailprotected] www.ashmolean.org/departments /heberdencoinroom/

National Museum of Scotland Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF tel. +44 131 225 75 34 fax +44 131 247 40 70 www.nms.ac.uk/home.aspx

The Royal Mint Llantrisant, Pontyclun, Mid Glamorgan CF7 8YT Contact: Kevin Clancy tel. +44 1443 222111 fax +44 1443 228799 www.royalmint.com

The Hunterian, The University of Glasgow University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ Contact: J. Donal Bateson tel. +44 141 330 4221 or 4289 fax +44 141 330 3617 [emailprotected] www.glasgow.ac.uk/hunterian The British Museum, Dept. of Coins and Medals Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG Contact: Philip Attwood tel. +44 20 7323 8260 fax +44 20 7323 8171 [emailprotected] www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /cm/cmhome.html Royal Numismatic Society The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG Contact: Nicholas Mayhew tel. +44 207 323 8228 fax +44 207 323 8171 www.numismatics.org.uk

British Numismatic Society The Warburg Institute, Woburn Square, London WC1H 0AB Current President: Roger Bland, Keeper of Portable Antiquities & Treasure, British Museum, UK-London WC1B 3DG tel. +44 20 7323 8611 Contact: The President [emailprotected] www.britnumsoc.org Oriental Numismatic Society 9 Grandison Road, London SW11 6LS Contact: Peter Smith tel. +44 207 228 6826 [emailprotected] www.onsnumis.org British Numismatic Trade Association P. O. Box 2, Rye, East Sussex TN31 7WE Contact: Rosemary Cooke tel./fax +44 1797 229988 [emailprotected] www.bnta.net

MEMBRES DU Conseil INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / ÉTATS-UNIS D’AMÉRIQUE Harvard Art Museums, Division of Asian and Mediterranean Art 32 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Contact: Carmen Arnold-Biucchi tel. +1 617 496 9274 fax +1 617 495 5211 [emailprotected] website with collection online: www.harvardartmuseums.org Yale University Art Gallery, Dept. of Coins and Medals PO Box 208271, New Haven, CT 06520-8271, USA Contact: William E. Metcalf tel. +1 203 432 1801 tel. +1 203 432 0982 fax +1 203 432 6019 [emailprotected] www.artgallery.yale.edu The American Numismatic Society 75 Varick Street, floor 11, New York, NY 10013, USA Contact: Andrew Meadows tel. +1 212 571 4470 extension 111 fax +1 212 571 4479 [emailprotected] www.numismatics.org Princeton University Library One Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Contact: Alan M. Stahl tel. +1 609 258 9127 fax +1 609 258 2324 [emailprotected]

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The John Max Wulfing Collection, Kemper Art Museum Washington University in St.Louis, CB 1189 – Kemper 210, one Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA Contact: Sarantis Symeonoglou tel. +1 314 935 4519 [emailprotected] Dumbarton Oaks Research Library 1703 32 nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA Contact: John W. Nesbitt tel. +1 202 339 6993 fax +1 202 339 6419 [emailprotected] www.doaks.org/index.html Ancient Coin Collectors Guild PO Box 911, Gainsville, MO 65655, USA Contact: Wayne G. Sayles tel. +417 679 2142 [emailprotected]

VATICAN CITY / VATICAN Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Gabinetto Numismatico Cortile del Belvedere, V-00120 Vatican City Contact: Giancarlo Alteri tel. +6 698 79 406 fax +6 698 84 795 [emailprotected] www.vaticanlibrary.va

120 MEMBRES HONORAIRES / HONORARY MEMBERS Au 31 DÉCEMBRE 2013

ALFÖLDI, Maria R. Hans-Sachs-Straße 1, D-60487 Frankfurt/M., Allemagne tel. +49 69 707 3157, [emailprotected] ARSLAN, Ermanno A. Via Privata Cesare Battisti 2, I-20122, Milan, Italie tel. +39 25512901 [emailprotected] www.ermannoarslan.eu BATES, Michael L. Curator Emeritus of Islamic Coins, 1334 River Road, Apt. 3, Edgewater, NJ 07020-1424, États-Unis d’Amérique [emailprotected]

FRANKE, Peter Robert Landshuter Allee 154/1, D-80637, Munich, Allemagne FROLOVA, Nina State History Museum, Numismatic Department, Red Square, 1, RU-09012 Moscow, Russie [emailprotected] GEDAI, Istvan Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Múzeum Körút 14-16, Postbok 364, H-1088 Budapest, Hongrie GEIGER, Hans-Ulrich Rötelsteig 9, CH-8037 Zürich, Suisse [emailprotected]

BHATIA, Pratipal E-7/7 Vasant Vitar, New Delhi 110 057, Inde [emailprotected]

ILIESCU, Octavian Str. Liviu Rebreanu 29, Bloc M 36 apart. 33, RO-74633, Bucarest 57, Roumanie

Boehringer, Christof Höltystr. 4, D-37085 Göttingen, Allemagne [emailprotected]

Jensen, Jørgen Steen Den Kgl. Mønt- og Medaillesamling, Nationalmuseet, Frederiksholms Kanal 12, DK-1220 København K, Danemark [emailprotected]

BUTTREY, Theodore V. Dept. of Coins and Medals, Fitzwilliam Museum, Trumpington Street, GB-Cambridge CB2 1RB, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne [emailprotected]

KLUGE, Bernd Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Bodestrasse 1-3, D-10178 Berlin, Allemagne [emailprotected]

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MEMBRES HONOR AIRES / HONOR ARY MEMBERS

LE RIDER, Georges 35 rue Vieille-du-Bourg, F-69700 Givors, France

SCHULTZ, Hans-Dietrich Rödelstrasse 6, D-10318 Berlin, Allemagne [emailprotected]

METCALF, Michael Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean Museum, Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PH, Royaume-Uni de GrandeBretagne

SKAARE, Kolbjørn Universitetets Kulturhistoriske Museer, Myntkabinett, Postboks 6762, St Olavs plass, N-0164 Oslo, Norvège

MORRISSON, Cécile CNRS, Centre d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance, Collège de France, 52 rue du Cardinal-Lemoine, F-75005 Paris, France [emailprotected]

Suchodolski, Stanislaw Institut d’Archeologie et d’Ethnologie, Academie Polonaise des Sciences, Al. Solidarnosci 105, PL 00-140 Warszawa, Pologne [emailprotected]

Nicolaou, Ino 44 Metochiou Avenue, 1101 Nicosia, Chypre

VILLARONGA, Leandre c/Corsega 351-2, E-08037 Barcelone, Espagne

Nicolet, Hélène 2 rue de Paradis, F-75010 Paris, France [emailprotected]

WEILLER, R aymond Résidence de l’Avenir, 40 rue de l’Avenir, L-1147 Luxembourg

ŒCONOMIDES, Mando 30 Heyden street, GR-104 34 Athènes, Grèce

WESTERMARK, Ulla Hällbygatan 36A, SE-752 28 Uppsala, Suède [emailprotected]

Parise, Nicola Via dei Delfini 24, I-00186 Roma, Italie, [emailprotected]